Midterm Flashcards

Question

What are exotoxins?

Answer 1

proteins that cause damage or dysfunction, by damaging host cell membranes or by entering target calls and directly altering function

Answer 2

fever, nausea and vomitting

Answer 3

Vibrio Cholerae- results in release of exotoxins that bind to gut epithelial cells. Massive release of electrolytes and fluid is induced that manifests as severe diarrhea.

Answer 4

1. bacteria 2. viruses 3. fungi 4. parasitic protozoa

Answer 5

Microscopic, single-celled organisms. Prokaryotes - lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. May reside in host as a group or cluster called a colony. May be classified according to their morphology (size & shape), biochemistry or genetic constitution.

Answer 6

spherical(coccus), rod shaped(bacilli), spiral(spirillium)

Answer 7

strep throat, bacterial pneumonia, food poisoning and salmonellosis TREATED BY ANTIBIOTICS

Answer 8

Microscopic, single celled. Cannot live outside a living cell - lack components for their own survival; inability to synthesize specific required proteins Carry their own DNA or RNA but never both. DNA and RNA are surrounded by protein coat known as capsid. Classified by the chemical nature of their nucleic acid, size and symmetry. Virion (viral particle) attaches to host cell, inserts its own genetic information, and then redirects host cell to produce new viruses. Not affected by antibiotics.

Answer 9

Some viruses can travel within the nervous system. They reappear sporadically and emerge at the nerve ending, causing various symptoms. They then leave the site and travel up the nerve again. This pattern can be repeated several times resulting in a latent or dormant infection. Herpes simplex virus 1(HSV1) resulting in cold sores Herpes simplex virus 2(HSV2) resulting in genital herpes (treated with suppressive or acute therapy)

Answer 10

Rhinovirus (Common cold) Human Papillomavirus (Warts; Genital Warts, Cervical & Anal Cancer) Epstein-Barr virus (Mononucleosis) SARS-CoV-2 (COVID 19)

Answer 11

Macroscopic or microscopic. Eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane-bound organelles). Much larger than bacteria Medically important fungi are dimorphic. Two forms: yeast aka candida (single celled) or molds depending on growth conditions. Classified according to type and method of sexual reproduction

Answer 12

asexual spores

Answer 13

1. superficial- causes discolouration of the skin 2. Cutaneous- involves the keratinized tissue of the hair, nails and skin 3. Subcutaneous- enters the human host as a result fo trauma to the skin, rarely disseminate 4. Systematic- enters the circulatory and lymphatic systems and can be fatal

Answer 14

Unicellular organisms that are neither plant nor animal. Larger than bacteria Eukaryotic Can ingest food particles, and some are equipped with digestive systems. Live on or in other organisms at expense of host.

Answer 15

Ameboid- slow cellular flowing locomotion Flagellum- protein tail facilitates motility Cilia- numerous short hair like projections/tails facilitate motility sporozoans- non motile, do not form spores

Answer 16

-Encounter -Entry -Spread -Multiplication -Damage -Outcome (all require breach upon host)

Answer 17

Infectious organism coms into contact with the host; varies according to host and microorganism. During our life span, the body encounters new organisms; some are quickly eliminated while others are efficient colonizers. Colonizers either become part of the microbes that are normally found in the body or cause disease.

Answer 18

Access to the organism through a portal of entry (digestive, urinary, respiratory systems directly connected to the external environment)

Answer 19

Ingression: attachment of organism to cell surface and excretion of toxins. E.g., Cholera, Pneumonia Penetration: Pathogens invading past the epithelial barrier Flagella used by bacteria that causes syphilis Vectors such as mosquitoes or fleas Cuts or wounds

Answer 20

The propagation of the infectious organism Requires overcoming body's immune defences Dissemination (degree of spreading) is a function of the logistics of both the host and the microbe.

Answer 21

At the point of entry they are not prevalent enough to cause symptoms or clinical manifestiation In order for a colony to be established and systems to show, multiplactions can vary Exponential growth

Answer 22

Damage can be direct- to cells such as exotoxins that can damage host cells indirect- alter things within the host such as metabolism 1 microbe can induce a host response iWt does this by trying to eliminate the pathogen but in the process it destroys a lot of healthy cells Can show up as inflammation

Answer 23

1. host 2. infectious microorganism 3. mode of transportation 4. reservoir

Answer 24

*Ex. Handholding, coughing, sexual contact etc. *Droplet: Contact with infectious secretions that come from the conjunctiva, nose or mouth of the host as the person cough, sneezes or talks. *Large particulate droplets can travel 3-5 feet. *Ex. Common cold, Influenza, Pneumonia, Meningitis (have to be transmitted by droplet) *Airborne: Residue from evaporated droplets of diseased microorganisms is suspended in air for long periods on aerosol droplets or dust. This residue is infectious if inhaled by a host. *Ex. Tuberculosis

Answer 25

*Transfer of pathogenic microbes by touching a fomite (inanimate object that have been contaminated) by an infected person or, * Through a vector (ex. insect or animal carrier)

Answer 26

result of encounters with organisms already present in or on the body, the normal flora

Answer 27

Site where an infectious organism can remain alive, multiply and from which transmission can occur. E.g., People, animals, inanimate objects (contaminated linen, food) A person who serves as a reservoir but does not display any clinical symptoms is called a carrier, i.e., they carry they infectious agent and are able to transmit disease

Answer 28

hospital acquired infection

Answer 29

acquired as result of an intervention performed by a practitioner

Answer 30

medical personnel patient flora contaminated health care environment invasive procedures blood borne pathogens

Answer 31

Penicillin resistant Colonizes on skin and in nose Persons hospitalized for prolonged periods are most susceptible Transmitted by direct (hands) or indirect contact (fomite) Likely to develop when antibiotics are used too often or incorrectly Can occur in wounds, burns, IV sites. Patients are put on isolation precautions to prevent spread Vancomycin-resistant S. Aureus (VRSA)

Answer 32

Penicillin resistant Colonizes on skin and in nose Persons hospitalized for prolonged periods are most susceptible Transmitted by direct (hands) or indirect contact (fomite) Likely to develop when antibiotics are used too often or incorrectly Can occur in wounds, burns, IV sites. Patients are put on isolation precautions to prevent spread Vancomycin-resistant S. Aureus (VRSA)

Answer 33

Caused by antibiotics that disrupts normal bacteria of the GI tract. Symptoms range from diarrhea to life threatening inflammation of the colon (pseudomembranous colitis). Most commonly affects older adults. C. Diff. spores are passed in feces and spread to surfaces and objects when people who are infected don't wash their hands thoroughly. Spores can persist for weeks or months. Patients are put on isolation precautions to prevent spread.

Answer 34

HIV & AIDS AIDS related infections: Pneumocystis carinni (type of Pneumonia), Candida, Herpes Simplex, Kaposi sarcoma (malignant tumor of the endothelium), AIDS dementia, TB etc. Hepatitis Tuberculosis

Answer 35

You have a cut on your hands Patient has catheters, chest tubes or drainage bags Patient has open or infected wounds You are inserting an IV or patient has an IV Patient is vomiting, incontinent, bleeding or undergoing chemotherapy

Answer 36

Masks and respirators: protect mouth/airway Respirators: protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents Goggles: protect eyes Should fit snuggly over and around eyes Personal glasses are not a substitute for goggles Face shields: protects face, nose, mouth and eyes Should cover forehead and extend below chin and wrap around face Use during patient care activities likely to generate splashes of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions.

Answer 37

A chemical substance that will inhibit the growth, but not necessarily kill pathogenic microorganisms Alcohol: antiseptic that is a disinfectant applied on skin Betadine: iodine-based antiseptic that is used on skin

Answer 38

To be used at all times when any healthcare worker is caring for a patient. Decisions about PPE (personal protective equipment) use determined by type of clinical interaction with patient. Should be used when performing procedures that may require contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, mucous membranes and non-intact skin.

Answer 39

Designed to place a barrier to the spread of highly infectious diseases. There are 3 modes of disease transmission: airborne, droplet & contact.

Answer 40

Gloves for contact with a patient or environment of care. Gown if contamination of clothing likely Segregated space if possible Ex. C-Diff, MRSA, VRSA, VRE etc.

Answer 41

Infections may occur when an infectious individual coughs, sneezes or speaks in the vicinity of a susceptible host Involves contact of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, or mouth of a host with large droplets that contain infectious microorganisms Door may be left open as droplets do not travel far (3-5 feet) PPE: surgical mask, eye protection, gown & gloves. Patient should wear a surgical mask when leaving the room

Answer 42

Occurs when microbes are spread through evaporated droplets that remain suspended in air or are carried on dust particles in the air. Can remain suspended in the air for long periods and may be inhaled by persons in the room or air space N95 "fit tested" respirator to be worn by healthcare workers. Filters inspired air. Patient should wear surgical mask which filters expired air. Negative pressure isolation room required

Answer 43

Patients at greater risk of acquiring infection Aseptic techniques and PPE required to prevent cross-infection *Immunosuppressed *Chemotherapy *Neonates *Transplant patients *Burn patients

Answer 44

Moment 1 - Before touching a patient Moment 2 - Before a clean or aseptic procedure Moment 3 - After a body fluid exposure risk Moment 4 - After touching a patient Moment 5 - After touching patient surroundings

Answer 45

1. Alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) (this is the preferred method unless the hands are visibly soiled). 2. Hand washing with soap and water (best when hands are visibly soiled; the mechanical action of washing, rinsing and drying aids in the removal of microorganisms

Answer 46

Long, artificial nails or nails with chipped polish (difficult to clean, and may harbour microorganisms). Rings, hand jewelry, bracelets and wrist watches (hides bacteria and may compromise glove integrity).

Answer 47

Using N95 masks for MRTs, where fit-testing has been completed Using surgical masks for patients, MRTs without N95 fit-testing, and others coming into contact with the infectious agent Instructing patients to observe respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette Limiting the movement and transport of patients Keeping doors to rooms closed

Answer 48

Using a surgical mask (patient, MRT and others coming into contact with the patient) Using gloves and gowns Instructing patients to observe respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette Using eye protection when within 1-2 meters of patient Limiting the movement and transport of patients

Answer 49

Strict hand hygiene for all those who come into contact with the patient. Using personal protective equipment such as gloves and gowns. Carefully disposing of gloves and other items that come into contact with the patient. Proper cleaning of equipment, according to facility policy.

Answer 50

any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size

Answer 51

an organism that causes disease

Answer 52

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Answer 53

a thick-walled protective spore that forms inside a bacterial cell and resists harsh conditions

Answer 54

protein coat surrounding a virus

Answer 55

a fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell

Answer 56

free of infection Use of techniques that exclude microorganisms. The goal of aseptic technique is to protect the patient from harmful infection by eliminating and preventing the spread of microorganisms.

Answer 57

Any practice that reduce the number and spread of micro-organisms. Cleaning removes germs, dirt, and other impurities from surfaces, but doesn't necessarily kill them. Lowers the number of microorganisms on surfaces or objects—either by killing them or removing them—to a safe level, according to public health standards or requirements. May be performed by disinfection.

Answer 58

The destruction of pathogenic microbes, toxins, vectors and other pathogens by use of chemical agents. Disinfecting kills majority (99%) of microorganisms on surfaces or objects. A topically applied disinfectant is known as an antiseptic.

Answer 59

Chlorine (bleach) (Bactericidal & Sporicidal) Iodine (Bactericidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal) - antiseptic used in Betadine & Surgidine - may also be used as disinfectant Alcohols (70 - 90%) (Bactericidal, Tuberculocidal, Fungicidal, Virucidal) Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA): 70% aqueous solution (rubbing alcohol) Hydrogen Peroxide - 3% for wound cleaning - 6% effective disinfectant against some bacteria, fungi and viruses

Answer 60

complete removal of microorganisms and their spores from the surface of an object Involves cleaning an area/object followed by a sterilization process if possible

Answer 61

Destruction of microbes by steam under pressure or other means, both chemical and physical

Answer 62

Major and minor surgical procedures Administration of parenteral medication Catheterization of the urinary bladder Dressing changes Venipuncture

Answer 63

1. Heat (steam under pressure) 2. UV C light

Answer 64

Moist heat is more effective and rapid at killing than dry heat. Accomplished in a device known as an Autoclave. Items must be able to withstand high heat, steam and pressure. Effective killing is accomplished at 250֯ F at a pressure of 15- 30 lb/inch2 for 15 minutes. Dry heat: 320֯ F for 120 minutes.

Answer 65

Ultraviolet light at specific wavelengths can produce maximal killing of microbes. UV light is used in germicidal lamps for control of airborne contaminants. Cannot penetrate glass, paper, body fluids and thin layers of cells.

Answer 66

Used when item is sensitive to heat or irradiation (electronics/plastics). Ethylene oxide - Gas Toxic/harmful to humans

Answer 67

A strong, pressurized, steam heated container/chamber. Used to sterilize instruments and infectious/medical waste. Uses a combination of temperatures and pressures to sterilize.

Answer 68

Items can be wrapped in packs or wrappers. Time varies depending on whether the item is wrapped or not. "Flash" sterilization is fast and involves an unwrapped item.

Answer 69

Remember to check: - Expiry date - Integrity of autoclave tape: Steam indicating ink - Punctures - Wetness

Answer 70

Cleanse the lip of the container by pouring or squirting a small amount into a waste container or sink Pour into sterile container from sale side of lip. Check label at least twice (when gathering & before pouring) When a sterile solution is to be poured into a container on a sterile field, the container is placed at the edge of the sterile field.

Answer 71

sterile forceps are used to manipulate items within the sterile field

Answer 72

Before entering the surgical suite, the radiographer must: 1.Don scrubs 2.Cover hair with a cap 3.Cover shoes 4.Place a mask over mouth and nose 5.Remove jewelry Purpose is to remove and reduce concentration of micro-organisms. The sterile scrub consists of scrubbing with an antimicrobial agent

Answer 73

at the front from the shoulder to the waist (or level of the sterile field). sterile gowns are considered sterile from the cuff to 2 inches above the elbow.

Answer 74

2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate 70% Isopropyl alcohol Betadine/Surgidine

Answer 75

Following the skin prep, sterile drapes may be applied. These are used to provide a barrier to infection and also to create a sterile field on which to place sterile instruments. Usually, single use, single-thickness, impermeable drapes are used. Sometimes cloth drapes may be used. A fenestrated drape is often used. If used, the drape should be applied in a such a way that the opening leaves only the operative, prepped area exposed.

Answer 76

. only sterile items are used in sterile field 2. if in doubt about sterility of a object, consider it unsterile 3. an unsterile object should be removed, covered or replaced 4. a sterile field must be continually monitored to be considered sterile 5. create sterile fields as close to the time of use as possible 6. sterile persons should avoid unsterile aras 7. anything below the level of the table or waist, as well as undersurface of drape is considered unsterile, anything that falls below this is considered contaminated8. gowns are considered sterile on the sleeves and the front from waist up 9. persons in sterile gown and gloves must pass each other back to back 10. unsterile people can not reach above or over sterile field 11.sterile materials must be kept dry. packages that become wet must be resterilizes or discarded 12. if a solution soaks thorough sterile field to non sterile field, the wet area must be rewrapped 13. sterile gloves must be kept in sight and above waist