Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
First Amendment
A
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.
2
Q
Journalism Definition(Class definition)
A
The objective recreation of reality in context
3
Q
Bullet Technique
A
A method used by reporters to remember bits of information more proficiently
4
Q
On The Record
A
information provided to a journalist that can be released and attributed by name to the source
5
Q
Off The Record
A
information provided to a journalist that will not be released to the public
6
Q
Sensationalism
A
the use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement (also known as the upsell).
7
Q
Fundamentality
A
The essential facts to a story
8
Q
Metaphysics
A
the study of the nature of existence, space, time, causality and the human mind
9
Q
Epistemology
A
the study of how journalists and news organizations know what they know and how they justify their knowledge claims.
10
Q
Aesthetics
A
the use of documentary techniques and journalistic methods where the medium itself undergoes questioning
11
Q
Law of Identity
A
that which is real, exists
12
Q
Baron on Objectivity
A
Baron defends the concept of objectivity in journalism, emphasizing its importance across various professions, including law, medicine, and business. He argues that objectivity is essential for fair and accurate evaluations, particularly in an era of misinformation. Critics of objectivity contend that it is unattainable and may lead to false balance, but Baron asserts that these critiques misrepresent the original intent of objectivity, which is about impartial investigation and rigorous truth-seeking.
13
Q
Lead
A
A lead should be no more than 30 words
The lead should be either a “what” or “who” depending on whether it is about a person or different elements
14
Q
Immediate ID vs Delayed ID
A
Immediate ID is when you know the person’s name and don’t have to research
Delayed ID is when you have to find the name of the person in the story, but you use their title instead so you can get the story out
15
Q
Summary vs Multiple Elements
A
Summary is when there is one main topic and you summarize the story
Multiple Elements is when there are several important topics to talk about. You mention all of them but in a short matter.
16
Q
Inverted Pyramid
A
Try to include all 5 W’s in the lead if possible
Never put time first in the lead
Make sure you use proper titles
Don’t abbreviate states in the lead
When writing the rest of the story, say all the significant things first and then less significant things go down.
When restricted to only a certain amount of words, pick out the things that relate to the lead and leave out the other none important details.
17
Q
What does using confidential sources risk in journalism?
A
Confidential sources risks journalists’ information to become harmful to society. If a confidential source gets out, lots of journalist will go to that source to get a foot up on the competition. A confidential source can also risk the lack of objectivity in an article.
18
Q
From our class discussion, why does a free press help to preserve a fair trial?
A
Free press lets people keep the government in check, making it to where the government cannot trail people unfairly. Once people are made aware of an unfair trial, through some sort of news outline, the press can expose the government for their wrong doings.
19
Q
What are the 3 revolutions of communications?
A
Scribal, Printing Press, Electronic Age
20
Q
What are three significant journalism contributions made by Benjamin Harris?
A
- Made the first newspaper
- First to be censored
- Brought forth the format of the newspaper we know today
21
Q
What are the two significant outcomes of the Zenger trial?
A
- Telling the truth was the get out of jail free card for the first time and was not found liable of libel
- The jury chose to interrupt the law for the first time
22
Q
Who invented the printing press?
A
Johannes Gutenberg
23
Q
What was the famous quote from Marshall McLuhan?
A
The medium is the message
24
Q
When did the printing press first come to the colonies and when did the first newspaper release?
A
1638; 1690
25
What is the name of the longest running newspaper and what is it called today?
The New England Courrent; The Hartford Courrent
26
Who made the New England Courrent and what year was is released?
James Franklin; 1721
27
What was Ben Franklin's pen name?
Silence Dogood
28
What year was the Zenger Trial?
1735
29
Libel Law
Journalist are covered by laws to write about the government, as long as it is fair and impartial
30
Qualified Priviledge
Higher standard for public officials to prove libel
Example:
People like the president can get away with saying outrages things because they have the power. If journalists mess up once, they could be held liable for libel.
31
Fair comment
can be referred to as the opinion's defense
32
Milkovich vs The Lorain Journal
- Statements of opinion can be libel if the statement is proven "true or false"
- The way of writing certain words can make it a fact or an opinion
33
What is the most famous libel case?
New York Times vs Sulavan (1964)
34
Actual Malice
reckless disregard of the truth
35
What did the AP vs Walker case expand?
It expanded the actual malice test to celebrities, as well as public officials
36
What did the Gertz vs Welch case bring?
-Widen their distinction on who is a public or private individuals
-It depends on how much you put yourself out in the public
-Promotion and Circumstances
37
What is the Gross Negligence Test?
NY state's test if a journalist has been irresponsible
38
Who is Richard Jewell?
He was a man that saved many people from a death by an exploding bomb. He was labeled a hero, until he turned into the suspect for the one planting the bomb. He was a private individual, until he kept doing interviews and things like that, making him a public individual.
39
How do you quote a public figure?
Quote them directly and don't change their words
40
How do you quote a private figure?
You can clean up what they say so it sounds better and has better flow
41
Numerals
1 thru 9 should be spelled out, only exceptions are ages, units of measure, except time measurements(unless it is an age ex: a five-month check up but a 5-year-old baby.)
10 and higher should be figures, unless it is at the start of the sentence
42
Apostrophe
Careful how you use it. If the word ends in "s", put the apostrophe after with no "s"
43
Brackets
Cannot be transmitted over news wires. Use parentheses
44
Colon
Capitalize the first word after a colon only if it is a proper noun or the start of a complete sentence. Can be used to emphasize, lists, listings, dialogue and introducing quotations.
45
Comma
a punctuation mark indicating a pause between parts of a sentence. It is also used to separate items in a list, dates and to mark the place of thousands in a large numeral.
46
Dash
Used during abrupt changes, series within a phrase, attributions and datelines.
47
Ellipsis
three periods indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation
48
Exclamation Point
punctuation used to show excitement or emotion, placed at the end of a sentence
49
Hyphen
a punctuation mark used between parts of a compound word or between the syllables of a word when the word is divided at the end of a line of text
50
Quotation Marks
These are used to enclose titles of chapters, articles, short poems or stories, song and essays
51
Semicolon
a punctuation mark (;) indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses, that is more pronounced than that indicated by a comma.
52
Slash
Use rather than a hyphen, for constructions
53
a,an
Use "a" before consonant sounds
Use "an" before vowel sounds
54
abbreviations and acronyms
A few universally recognized abbreviations are required in some circumstances. Some others are acceptable depending on the context. But in general, avoid alphabet soup. Do not use abbreviations or acronyms that the reader would not quickly recognize.
Abbreviations and most acronyms should be avoided in headlines.
An acronym is a word formed from the first letter or letters of a series of words: laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). An abbreviation is not an acronym.
Use the abbreviations A.D., B.C., a.m., p.m., No., and certain months(Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.,) when used with the days of the month. If there is no number, then spell out the word.
Abbreviate avenue, boulevard and street only
Be careful when using caps and periods. Some abbreviations don't use caps or periods. If you are unsure, just spell out the word
55
abortion
Use the modifiers "anti-abortion" and "abortion-rights" when a general term is needed. Whenever possible, be specific about the position of a person or group.
Don't use the terms "pro-life," "pro-choice," or "pro-abortion" unless they are in direct quotations or proper names.
Avoid "abortionist," which connotes a person who performs clandestine abortions
56
academic degrees
If mention of degrees is necessary to establish someone's credentials, the preferred form is to avoid an abbreviation and use instead a phrase such as: John Jones, who has a doctorate in psychology.
Use an apostrophe in bachelor's degree, a master's, etc., but there is no possessive in Bachelor of Arts or Master of Science.
Also: an associate degree (no possessive).
Use such abbreviations as B.A., M.A., LL.D. and Ph.D. only when the need to identify many individuals by degree on first reference would make the preferred form cumbersome. Use these abbreviations only after a full name — never after just a last name.
When used after a name, an academic abbreviation is set off by commas: John Snow, Ph.D., spoke.
Do not precede a name with a courtesy title for an academic degree and follow it with the abbreviation for the degree in the same reference.
57
academic titles
Capitalize and spell out formal titles such as chancellor, chairman, etc., when they precede a name. Lowercase elsewhere. Lowercase modifiers such as department in department Chairman Jerome Wiesner.
58
accept, except
Accept means to receive. Except means to exclude.
59
accident, crash
Generally acceptable for automobile and other collisions and wrecks. However, when negligence is claimed or proven, avoid accident, which can be read by some as a term exonerating the person responsible. In such cases, use crash, collision or other terms.
60
addresses
Use the abbreviations Ave., Blvd. and St. only with a numbered address: 1600 Pennsylvania Ave. Spell them out and capitalize when part of a formal street name without a number: Pennsylvania Avenue. Lowercase and spell out when used alone or with more than one street name: Massachusetts and Pennsylvania avenues.
All similar words (alley, drive, road, terrace, etc.) always are spelled out. Capitalize them when part of a formal name without a number; lowercase when used alone or with two or more names.
Always use figures for an address number: 9 Morningside Circle.
Spell out and capitalize First through Ninth when used as street names; use figures for 10th and above: 7 Fifth Ave., 100 21st St.
Abbreviate compass points used to indicate directional ends of a street or quadrants of a city in a numbered address: 222 E. 42nd St., 562 W. 43rd St., 600 K St. NW. Do not abbreviate if the number is omitted: East 42nd Street, West 43rd Street, K Street Northwest. No periods in quadrant abbreviations NW, SE unless customary locally.
61
admit, admitted
These words may in some contexts give the erroneous connotation of wrongdoing. A person who acknowledges that he is a recovering alcoholic, for example, is not admitting it. Said is usually sufficient.
62
affect, effect
Affect, as a verb, means to influence: "The game will affect the standings."
Affect, as a noun, is best avoided. It occasionally is used in psychology to describe an emotion, but there is no need for it in everyday language.
Effect, as a verb, means to cause: "He will effect many changes in the company."
Effect, as a noun, means result: The effect was overwhelming. He miscalculated the effect of his actions. It was a law of little effect.
63
ages
Use when deemed relevant to the situation. If someone is quoted as saying, I'm too old to get another job, the age is relevant. Generally, use ages for profiles, obituaries, significant career milestones and achievements unusual for the age. Use ages for people commenting or providing information only if their age is relevant to their comments (e.g., a teenager's comment on video games aimed at that age group). Appropriate background, such as a parent of two young children or a World War II veteran, may suffice instead of the actual age.
Always use figures. "The girl is 15 years old; the law is 8 years old; the 101-year-old house." When the context does not require years or years old, the figure is presumed to be years.
Use hyphens for ages expressed as adjectives before a noun or as substitutes for a noun.
Examples: A 5-year-old boy, but the boy is 5 years old. The boy, 7, has a sister, 10. The woman, 26, has a daughter 2 months old. The race is for 3-year-olds. The woman is in her 30s (no apostrophe).
64
among, between
Among is used for three or more people. Between is used for two people.
65
amount, number
Amount refers to mass or quantity; number refers to things which may be counted.
66
antisemitism(n.), antisemitic(adj.)
Prejudice or discrimination against Jews
Avoid using the term "antisemite" for an individual other than in a direct quotation
67
assure, ensure, insure
Assure means "to reassure"; ensure means "to guarantee"; insure refers to insurance
68
because, since
Use because to denote a specific cause-effect relationship: "He went because he was told." Since is acceptable in a causal sense when the first event in a sequence led logically to the second but was not its direct cause: "They went to the game, since they had been given the tickets."
69
boy, girl
Generally acceptable to describe males or females younger than 18. While it is always inaccurate to call people under 18 men or women and people 18 and older boys or girls, be aware of nuances and unintentional implications. Referring to Black males of any age and in any context as boys, for instance, can be perceived as demeaning and call to mind historical language used by some to address Black men. Be specific about ages if possible, or refer to Black youths, child, teen or similar.
70
capitalization
In general, avoid unnecessary capitals. Use a capital letter only if you can justify it by one of the principles in the stylebook.
This is a huge entry and I strongly recommend going into the stylebook and studying this entry more than the other ones
71
cents
Spell out the word cents and lowercase, using numerals for amounts less than a dollar: 5 cents, 12 cents. Use the $ sign and decimal system for larger amounts: $1.01, $2.50.
72
citizen, resident, subject, national, native
A citizen is a person who has acquired the full civil rights of a nation either by birth or naturalization. Cities and states in the United States do not confer citizenship. To avoid confusion, use resident, not citizen, in referring to inhabitants of states and cities.
Citizen is also acceptable for those in the United Kingdom, or other monarchies where the term subject is often used.
National is applied to a person residing away from the nation of which he or she is a citizen, or to a person under the protection of a specified nation.
Native is the term denoting that an individual was born in a given location.
73
compared to, compared with
Use compared to when the intent is to assert, without the need for elaboration, that two or more items are similar: She compared her work for women's rights to Susan B. Anthony's campaign for women's suffrage.
Use compared with when juxtaposing two or more items to illustrate similarities and/or differences: His time was 2:11:10, compared with 2:14 for his closest competitor.
74
compose, comprise, constitute
Compose means to create or put together. It commonly is used in both the active and passive voices: She composed a song. The United States is composed of 50 states. The zoo is composed of many animals.
Comprise means to contain, to include all or embrace. It is best used only in the active voice, followed by a direct object: The United States comprises 50 states. The jury comprises five men and seven women. The zoo comprises many animals.
Constitute, in the sense of form or make up, may be the best word if neither compose nor comprise seems to fit: Fifty states constitute the United States. Five men and seven women constitute the jury. A collection of animals can constitute a zoo.
Use include when what follows is only part of the total: The price includes breakfast. The zoo includes lions and tigers.
75
congressman, congresswomen
Use only in reference to members of the U.S. House of Representatives.
The term "U.S. representative," "representative," and "member of Congress" are preferred.
Do not use "congressperson"
76
couple
When used in the sense of two people, the word takes plural verbs and pronouns: "The couple were married Saturday and left Sunday on their honeymoon. They will return in two weeks."
In the sense of a singe unit, use a singular verb: "Each couple was asked to give $10."
77
couple of
the "of" is necessary. The phrase takes a plural verb in constructions such as: "A couple of tomatoes were stolen."
78
courtesy titles
In general, do not use courtesy titles except in direct quotations. When it is necessary to distinguish between two people who use the same last name, as in married couples or brothers and sisters, use the first and last name.
79
accused, alleged, suspected
A person is accused of, not with, a crime
To avoid any suggestion that a person is being judged before a trial, do not use a phrase such as alleged killed; the alleged killer; suspected shooter; the suspected shooter, etc. Instead: Ralph Hornsby, charged with killing the man
80
burglary, larceny, robbery, theft
Burglary involves entering a building (not necessarily by breaking in) and remaining unlawfully with the intention of committing a crime
Larceny is the legal term for the wrongful taking of property. Its nonlegal equivalents are stealing or theft
Robbery in the legal sense involves the use of violence or threat in committing larceny. In a wider sense it means to plunder or rifle, and may thus be used even if a person was not present
Theft describes a larceny that did not involve threat, violence or plundering
81
damage, damages
Damage is destruction or loss
Damages are awarded by court as compensation for injury
82
damn it
Not dammit but should be avoided
83
decades
Use Arabic figures to indicate decades of history. Use an apostrophe to indicate numerals that are left out; show plural by adding the letter s
84
democrat, Democrat, democratic, Democratic, Democratic Party
For the U.S. political party, capitalize Democratic in reference to the Democratic Party and capitalize Democrat for a member of the party
Use Democratic, not Democrat, in usages such as the Democratic-controlled Legislature and Democratic senator
Lowercase in general uses
85
different
Takes the preposition from, not than
86
differ from, differ with
To differ from means to be unlike
To differ with means to disagree
87
dimensions
Use figures and spell out inches, feet, yards, etc., to indicate depth, height, length, and width.
Hyphen adjectival forms before nouns
88
directions and regions
In general, lowercase north, south, northeast, northern, etc., when they indicate compass direction; capitalize these words when they designate regions
89
dollars
Always lowercase. Use figures and the $ sign in all except casual references or amounts without a figure
90
each other, one another
Two people look at each other
More than two look at one another
91
either
Use it to mean one or the other, not both
92
either... or, neither... nor
The nouns that follow these words do not constitute a compound subject; they are alternate subjects and require a verb that agrees with the nearer subject
93
essential clauses, nonessential clauses
The difference between them is that the essential clause cannot be eliminated without changing the meaning of the sentence
The nonessential clause, however, can be eliminated without altering the basic meaning fo the sentence
94
every one, everyone
Every one when it means each individual item
Everyone when used as a pronoun meaning all people
95
female, male
In general, female and male are adjectives that can describe people of any age and are used only rarely as nouns; such as for a range of ages or an unknown age
96
fewer, less
Use fewer for individual items
Use less for bulk or quantity
97
gender -neutral language
In general, use terms for jobs and roles that can apply to any gender. Such language aims to treat people equally and is inclusive of people whose gender identity is not strictly male or female
98
gender, sex, and sexual orientation
Gender refers to internal and social identity and often corresponds with but is not synonymous with sex
Sex refers to biological characteristics, such as chromosomes, hormones, and reproductive anatomy, which can also vary or change in understanding over time, be medically and legally altered
Sexual orientation, not sexual preference. Mention a person's sexual orientation only when relevant to the subject matter
99
governmental bodies
Capitalize the full proper names of government agencies, departments and officials
Retain capitalization in referring to a specific body if the dateline or context makes the name of the nation, state, county, city, etc. unnecessary
