midterm

Question 1

1. How many pairs of autosomes does a human female have?

Answer 1

22

Question 2

2. What sex chromosomes does a human female have?

Answer 2

XX

Question 3

3. ___ are the units of heredity.

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

4. A normal human karyotype has a total of ___ chromosomes.

Answer 4

46

Question 5

Cells that replicate themselves and generate differentiated cells when they divide are called ___.

Answer 5

stem cells

Question 6

Chromosome tips, or ___, function like cellular fuses that burn down as pieces are lost from the end.

Answer 6

telomeres

Question 7

Gametes, such as egg & sperm, are ___ which means that they have only one of each type of chromosome.

Answer 7

haploid

Question 8

Genetic variability arises during meiosis from ___.

Answer 8

crossing over, independent assortment, random alignment of chromosomes at metaphase

Question 9

. Crossing over occurs during ___.

Answer 9

prophase 1 of meiosis 1

Question 10

Lysosome matches with what function?

Answer 10

Dismantles debris

Question 11

Rough ER matches with what function?

Answer 11

protein syntheis

Question 12

Nucleus matches with what function?

Answer 12

house DNA

Question 13

Smooth ER matches with what function

Answer 13

lipid synthesis

Question 14

Golgi apparatus matches with what function?

Answer 14

processes Secretions

Question 15

Mitochondrion matches with what function?

Answer 15

energy extraction

Question 16

Peroxisome matches with what function?

Answer 16

detoxification

Question 17

Ribosomes matches with what function

Answer 17

catalyst for protein synthesis

Question 18

Genes comprise of __, which is a double-stranded polymer consisting of a chain of nucleotide s.

Answer 18

(DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 19

The three components of DNA include: Phosphate sugar and base. What are the four bases

Answer 19

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Question 20

What are the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 20

prophase –> metaphase –> anaphase –> telophase –> cytokinesis

Question 21

What base does RNA have that DNA does not?

Answer 21

uracil

Question 22

The allele that masks the effects of the other is__ and the masked allele is ___.

Answer 22

dominant; recessive

Question 23

In humans, the dominance relationship between the A and B alleles of the ABO blood group gene is and example of__.

Answer 23

codominance

Question 24

The fatty sheath that costs the neuron extensions call axons is called___.

Answer 24

myelin

Question 25

characteristics shared by adopted children and their biological parents are mostly __, while their similarities with adopted parents reflect _ influences.

Answer 25

genetic; environmental

Question 26

in pea plants, tall is dominant to short. what would be the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant?

Answer 26

Tt

Question 27

A human male inherits X-linked traits from__.

Answer 27

mother only

Question 28

What is the function of SRY?

Answer 28

transcriptional factor gene that stimulates male development

Question 29

the genes of narcolepsy were first identified in __.

Answer 29

dogs

Question 30

Two phenotipically normal individuals have an affected child. What can we conclude about the parents?

Answer 30

they both carried the disease allele

Question 31

_____________ is a site in the DNA that has a different base in at least 1% of the population

Answer 31

(SNPs) single nucleotide polymorphisms

Question 32

What do circles symbolize in a pedigree?

Answer 32

female

Question 33

What do squares symbolize in a pedigree?

Answer 33

male

Question 34

What does the half filled symbol mean in a pedigree?

Answer 34

carrier of disease

Question 35

What does the completed filled symbol mean in a pedigree?

Answer 35

has disease

Question 36

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 36

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 37

what does RNA stand for?

Answer 37

Ribonucleic acid

Question 38

What strand would make the sequence 5' AAACGCTT 3' a double stranded DNA molecule?

Answer 38

5' AAGCGTTT 3'

Question 39

A _____________ is a DNA base with a single ring structure, for example, cytosine and thymine.

Answer 39

Pyrimidine

Question 40

Energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together. Which pair will be the most difficult to separate?

Answer 40

C-G

Question 41

The first mRNA condon to specify an amino acid in a protein seqence is always ___________.

Answer 41

AUG

Question 42

A _____________ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes meiosis

Answer 42

germline

Question 43

A _____________ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes mitosis.

Answer 43

somatic

Question 44

Changing the condon AGC to AGA represents a _________________ mutation.

Answer 44

missense

Question 45

T or F. Gene expression patterns change over time and in different cell types.

Answer 45

False

Question 46

What are the steps of PCR?

Answer 46

denotation, annealing, elongation

Question 47

Explain denotation.

Answer 47

uses heat to openn

Question 48

Explain annealing .

Answer 48

adds primer to DNA

Question 49

Explain elongation.

Answer 49

rapidly replicates (stretching a material)

Question 50

central dogma brief summary _~> _~>_ _ _

Answer 50

DNA ~> RNA ~> PROTEIN Transcription Translation

Question 51

List 5 ways DNA and RNA differ

Answer 51

DNA 1 usually double stranded 2 thymine as a base 3 Deoxyribose as the sugar 4 maintains proteins- encoding info 5 cannot function as an enzyme 6 persists RNA 1 usually single stranded 2 uracil as a base 3 ribose as the sugar 4 carries protein- encoding info and controls how the info is used 5 can function as an enzyme 6 short lived