midterm

Question 1

diagnostic heterogeneity

Answer 1

two ppl may not share any symptoms but have the same disorder

Question 2

historical concepts of mental health

Answer 2

Ancient greek: humours, wandering uterus (biology), psychotherapy
persian and arabain world: first asylums, first medical text
dark ages europe: burning at the stake
16th and 17th century Europe: less supernatural
Asylums bad, then Mental hygiene Movement, then asylums good

Question 3

degeneration theory

Answer 3

mental health was hereditary

Question 4

phrenology

Answer 4

skull criminality

Question 5

ECT

Answer 5

beneficial for depression, not scz as was thought pre 1950s

Question 6

chlorpromazine

Answer 6

first antipsychotic drug
radically changed the management of patients
caused many people to not need bedside care and get transferred back to the community without supports, lead to high homelessness rates

Question 7

single factor theories

Answer 7

trace origins to one factor

Question 8

interactionist theories

Answer 8

behaviour is a product of an interaction of a variety of factors

Question 9

birth of psychoanalysis

Answer 9

started with hypnotism then talking under hypnosis (cathartic method) then frued

Question 10

id ego superego

Answer 10

id: unconscious base desires
ego: mediator conscious and pre conscious
superego: morals all 3 levels

Question 11

psychosexual stages

Answer 11

oral: birth to 1 year
anal/bladder: 1-3 years
phallic: 3-6 years
latent: 6-puberty
genital: puberty to death

Question 12

defence mechanisms

Answer 12

denial: ignore
displacement: dif person
sublimation: dif activity (healthy)
repression: unconsciously block out
projection: attribute to someone else

Question 13

methods of freud

Answer 13

free associations, recall repressed memories, dreams

Question 14

best reinforcement strat

Answer 14

intermittent rather than continuous

Question 15

which operant conditioning thing is associated with avoidance?

Answer 15

negative reinforcement

Question 16

mowrer two factors theory

Answer 16

phobias are made thru classical condition and maintained by negative reinforcement avoidance

Question 17

social learning theory

Answer 17

bandura
vicarious learning

Question 18

becks cognitive theory

Answer 18

focus on schemas, info biases, and automatic thoughts to change maladaptive thinking
socratic
finds loops and challenges them

Question 19

rational emotive behaviour therapy ellis

Answer 19

combat and confront rigid maladaptive thoughts/beliefs
less socratic

Question 20

third wave cbt and mindfulness

Answer 20

emphasize the role of attention in distress and that it can exacerbate maladaptive thoughts

Question 21

humanistic theories

Answer 21

dysfunction is because ppl are unable to achieve self actualization
solution: give ppl the skills to self actualize themselves, person focused

Question 22

para vs sympathetic NS

Answer 22

rest and digest vs flight flight or freeze

Question 23

HPA Axis

Answer 23

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortext
cortisol
tends to be chronically activated for ppl with depression and anxiety

Question 24

integrative theories

Answer 24

theories that attempt to unify different theories into a cohesive explanation
ex systems and diathesis stress and biopsychosocial

Question 25

systems theory

Answer 25

the whole is more than the sum of its parts; there are multiple reciprocal relationships between factors

Question 26

concurrent validity

Answer 26

ability of a diagnostic categories to predict other factors related to the diagnosis but not the diagnosis itself ex. does a depression diagnosis accurately predict the presence of negative cognitive biases

Question 27

predictive validity

Answer 27

the ability of a test to predict the future course of a disorder ex. does a past diagnosis of depression predict a future low score on a mood test

Question 28

dsm1

Answer 28

psychoanalytic poor utility

Question 29

dsm2

Answer 29

go rid of hysteria and homosexuality same problems as dsm1

Question 30

dsm3

Answer 30

multiaxis atheoretical operationally defined disorders polythetic

Question 31

polythetic

Answer 31

only need to pas a threshold of symptoms not all

Question 32

rosenhan study

Answer 32

mental illness seen as irreversible not curable labels were stigmatizing and led to docs to not thoroughly evaluate

Question 33

dsm4

Answer 33

required DnD

Question 34

dsm5

Answer 34

eliminated axes added spectrums

Question 35

dsm problems

Answer 35

categorical not dimensional, high comorbidity, gender bias, cultural biases, ties to drug industry

Question 36

normative comparison

Answer 36

technique to compare the level of change in patients who receive treatment vs don't

Question 37

internal validity

Answer 37

degree to which changes in the DV were due to changes in the IVe

Question 38

external validity

Answer 38

generalizability of the findings, aka can it apply to the real world aka ecologically valid

Question 39

confounds

Answer 39

additional variables that may have an influence on the DV

Question 40

longitudinal studies

Answer 40

predicting correlation over time

Question 41

KC

Answer 41

anterograde memory

Question 42

incidence

Answer 42

number of new cases in a specific time period

Question 43

prevalence

Answer 43

frequency of a disorder at a given point in time

Question 44

alternate form reliability

Answer 44

test if 2 versions of the same test are correlated

Question 45

internal consistency

Answer 45

reliability within a test split in half reliability - odd questions to even questions coefficient alpha 1 q compared to whole test

Question 46

criterion validity

Answer 46

correlation between a measure and a tangible external thing

Question 47

clinical vs actuarial approach

Answer 47

clinical intuition vs objective methods of assessment

Question 48

response problems

Answer 48

acquiescent style (says yes to everything), socially desirable responding, demand characteristics

Question 49

malingering

Answer 49

exaggerating a symptom