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EXOTICS > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

how many air sacs do birds have? name them

A

9, 2 cervical, 2 cranial thoracic, 2 caudal thoracic, 2 abdominal, 1 interclavicular

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2
Q

syrinx

A

avian vocal organ at base of trachea

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3
Q

pneumatic bones

A

skull, vertebrae, pelvis, sternum, ribs, humerus, and sometimes femur

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4
Q

name GI parts orad to aborad

A

esophagus, crop, proventriculus, ventriculus, duodenum, SI, ceca, LI, cloaca

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5
Q

what is special about the avian iris

A

contains skeletal muscle for voluntary pupil control

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6
Q

uropygial gland (which species don’t have?)

A

used for preening, sebaceous gland found at base of tail, (hyacinth macaws, amazon parrots, most doves/pigeons, bustards)

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7
Q

apteria

A

strips of skin between feather rows, one over right jugular vein

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8
Q

avian primary lymph organs

A

bone marrow, thymus, bursa of fabricius, yolk sac

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9
Q

who much blood can you take from an avian patient?

A

1 ml per 100g of body weight (0.5 if sick)

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10
Q

normal urofeces in birds

A

green or brown feces 50%, urate crystals 50%, clear urine around

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11
Q

what temperature do you want an avian recovery room in hospital to be?

A

80-90 deg (normal for birds is 102-108 deg)

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12
Q

what common diarrhea medication is toxic to certain bird species?

A

febendazole toxic to doves and pigeons

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13
Q

safe crop volume

A

5% in adults and 10% in chicks

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14
Q

H view useful for viewing

A

pectoral girdle

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15
Q

Chlamydia psittaci

A

zoonotic and reportable, gram-negative cocci, like a flu, often asymptomatic, leukocytosis, hepatomegaly, necrotizing hepatitis, and fibrinous airsacculitis, tx with doxycycline

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16
Q

four common types of salmonella in birds

A

(all enterica)
Pullorum- reportable
Gallinarum- reportable, fowl typhoid
Enteritidis- zoonotic from poultry
Typhimurium- zoonotic from passerines and aquatic birds

likely cull if positive (carrier birds)

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17
Q

mycobacteria avium and genavense

A

acid-fast positive rod, from environment, chronic granulomatous disease in GI/liver mostly, leukocytosis, prognosis poor

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18
Q

mycoplasma gallisepticum and synoviae

A

conjunctivitis in house finches, acute synovitis, AZ reportable, depopulation or tylosin tx

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19
Q

aspergillus fumigatus

A

opportunistic, acute or chronic all over respiratory tract, leukocytosis, tx with antifungals

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20
Q

candida albicans

A

thrush, neonates, crop doughy with regurg, treat with nystatin because it acts locally in the crop

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21
Q

macrorhabdus ornithigaster

A

megabacteria, budgie wasting disease, regurg and seed in poop, found at gastric isthmus in koilin layer, usually treat with amphotericin B

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22
Q

trichomonas gallinae

A

frounce/canker, white oral plaques and necrotic plugs, commonly found in columbiforms and raptors, tx with metronidazole

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23
Q

knemidocoptes

A

scaly face and leg mite, tassel foot, budgies and parakeets, tx with ivermectin

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24
Q

sternostoma tracheacolum

A

air sac mite, canaries and gouldian finches, wide range of symptoms, tx with ivermectin

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25
gallid herpesvirus 1, 2 and 3
1- infectious laryngotracheitis in poultry 2+3- mareks disease in chickens
26
psittacid herpesvirus 1-4
pachecos disease (hepatitis) and papillomatosis
27
columbid herpesvirus 1
fatal to raptors of fed from pigeons!! hepatic and splenic necrosis, pharyngeal ulceration, eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
28
avian bornavirus
macaws, conure, grey parrots, proventricular dilatation disease, passing seeds, only supportive care
29
avian poxvirus
catch from arthropods, dry not big deal, wet form has higher mortality, bollinger bodies
30
three differences in avian blood cells
nucleated rbcs, heterophils, and thrombocytes
31
why use lithium heparin to collect samples?
smaller amount of blood required for just one tube
32
what is the #1 cause of regenerative anemia in birds
blood loss
33
heterophils
segmented nuclei with pink sometimes rod shaped granules
34
hemaproteus spp
contain hemozoin pigment, infect RBCs and low pathogenicity (only really quail/pigeons), "hugs the nucleus"
35
plasmodium (malaria)
contains hemozoin pigment, infects *mostly* RBCs, pathogenic in certain species (most domestics), "pushes nucleus"
36
leukocytozoon
oragami cell, infects all blood cells
37
liver enzymes useful in birds
AST, GLDH, or SDH, GGT
38
biliverdin
green, primary bile pigment in birds
39
gold standard for protein measurement in birds
protein electrophoresis
40
worker bee
sterile female, perform all functions
41
drone bee
fertile male, only function is repro
42
apis mellifera
western/european honey bee, all US honey bees (8 total species of honey bees)
43
5 important things to ask at a honey bee check up
age and source of colony and queen recent queen changes recent actions by beekeeper changes in hive size/activity signs of pests/pathogens
44
european foulbrood
yellow brood, sour, corkscrew larvae, stress disease, tx with shook swarm and oxytetracycline
45
american foulbrood
cappings sunken, toothpick test "ropey", putrid odor, only options really fire, bleach, or ethylene oxide gas
46
number one killer of honey bees
varroa mites, can cause MANY viruses (tx with fluvalinate)
47
propolis
bee glue made from saliva, beeswax and sap
48
UVB vs UVA range
UVB: 290-320 UVA: 320-400
49
which 5 types of substrate should be avoided and why
pine or cedar mulch : irritating aromatics gravel : easy to ingest corn cob : ingestion and impaction rabbit pellets : too dry and slippery crushed walnut shell : impactions in lizards
50
snake diet
carnivores, recommend pre-killed prey (seasonal anorexia often normal)
51
lacertilia diet
varanidae like monitors carnivores geckos insectivores , can gut load and dust insects iguanidae herbivores agamidae (bd) and chamaeleons omnivores
52
testudines diet
some carnivores, most tortoises are herbivores, semi aquatic and box turtles omnivores
53
cranial third of a snake (6)
trachea, esophagus, parathyroid, thyroid, thymus, heart
54
middle third of snake (8)
lungs, liver, stomach, spleen, gallbladder, pancreas, airsac, some SI
55
caudal third of snake (4)
caudal SI, gonads, adrenals, kidneys
56
boa vs python
new world, viviparous vs old world, oviparous
57
kinetic skull
mobile quadrate bone, no mandibular symphasis
58
who has tail autonomy
iguanas and geckos, some salamanders
59
ventral abdominal vein
common draining vein, do paramedian incision during surgery to not hit
60
acrodont vs pleurodont
acrodont: attached to bone surface pleurodont: attach to medial surface and replaced often
61
parietal eye
lacertilia primitive retina on top of head, role in thermoregulation??
62
snake mite
ophionyssus natricis
63
lizard mite
hirstiella trombidiformis
64
medication to avoid in chelonians
ivermectin (paralysis, coma, death)
65
common upper respiratory tract disease in testudines
mycoplasma agassizii and testudineum
66
Crypto
serpientis in snakes, gastric hyperplasia, regurg, varanii in lizards (esp leopard geckos), duodenal hyperplasia, PCR needed in snakes, paromomycin maybe
67
Coccidia
young bearded dragons, co-infection with adenovirus, fecal float, sulfadimethoxine and TMS
68
Inclusion body disease
arenavirus, boas and pythons, neuro and infections, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, no tx
69
amphibian husbandry
susceptible to hyperthermia above 80 deg, need dechlorinated water but not deionized
70
batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
fungal infection that affects keratinized tissue, itraconazole baths and increase temp
71
ranavirus
many signs, basophilic inclusions, supportive care and elevate temperature
72
6 common toxins in amphibians
chlorine/ammonia, iodine/chlorohex, bleach, ivermectin, EMLA cream, heavy metals
73
west nile virus
pallor in myocardium, also affects neuro, affects corvidae, owls, galliforms
74
spleen morphology
galliformes - round psittaciformes - ovoid passeriformes - linear
75
sarcocystis rileyi
grains of rice in muscle belly
76
pinworms in tortoise
symbiotic relationship
77
chelinoid alphaherpesvirus 5
green sea turtles, papillomas
78
nannizziopsis guarroi
yellow fungus disease, skin infection that can progress to systemic in bearded dragons, yellow hyperkeratotic plaques

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