midterm

Question 1

scramble for Africa, Berlin conference

Answer 1

berlin conference 1884-5
UK, france, germany, portugal, spain, italy, usa
to avoid war over distribution of African territory
drew arbitrary borders through ethnic and tribal lines

Question 2

doctrine of effective occupation

Answer 2

most important rule to the colonial game
colonies had to be profitable, the colony should effectively pay for itself
harsh taxation regimes imposed

Question 3

negative sovereignty

Answer 3

it is a feature of the international system to give African states a subordinate role, the norm of non-intervention dominated by western powers means african states are weak, they have to play by the rules of the global north, rules that serve them and harm african states
the system of statehood extracts compliance
this sovereignty works against the service of the domestic inhabitants
demonstrated in the congo, system of forced labour where they were maimed/executed if they didn’t bring in enough

Question 4

Mobutu Sese Seko

Answer 4

dictator who ruled the Congo from 1971 to 1997
demonstrates the notion of negative sovereignty
an army colonel for Lumumba
secretly working for CIA and Belgian special forces

Question 5

Garvey/Garveyism

Answer 5

born in 1887 in Jamaica
created the universal negro improvement association
advocated pan-african diasporic nationalism that became a hugely influential ideology for african liberation movements and leaders

Question 6

the african slave trade

Answer 6

1400-1900
there is no independent african state today not heavily impacted by the trade
12 million exported in the trans-atlantic slave trade
another 6 million in the three others
by 1850 africa’s population was hald what it would have been without slavery

Question 7

dutch east india company

Answer 7

arrived in South Africa in 1652
descendants became Afrikaaners

Question 8

Cecil John Rhodes

Answer 8

moved to SA at 17
founded De Beers, the British south africa company and was PM of the british cape colony
wanted to build a cape to cairo railway
regarded africans as savages and naturally inferior
rhodesia named after him

Question 9

british occupation of south africa

Answer 9

arrived in 1795 and settlers started arriving in waves in 1820
temperate climate, fertile land and free from malaria
1870 diamonds were discovered
in 1888 the british south africa company was formed

Question 10

king lobengula and she shona and ndbele people

Answer 10

the shona and ndbele people first welcomed european settlers
in 1888 king lobengula was duped by british mining magnates into allowing concessions on his land, he didn’t see them as a threat
the settlers imposed hut tax, forced relocations to mine and forced labour

Question 11

the first chimurenga

Answer 11

1896-7
white europeans were granted massive estates, many of which still exist today
the ndbele and shona people joined together for a revolt
the british had early versions of machine guns and 700 british soldiers defeated 5000 ndbele warriors at the battle of shangani

Question 12

mbuya nehanda

Answer 12

an ndbele spiritual medium
she preached resistance throughout Mashonaland and encouraged people to join the chimurenga
she used spirit communication to organised revolts

Question 13

patrice lumumba

Answer 13

first prime minister of the DRC in 1961
a pan-africanist who sought to unify the newly independent country
he wanted to nationalist Congo’s resources and achieve genuine economic and political independence
he was assassinated in 1961 with heavy involvement from CIA and belgian operatives which led to decades of authoritarian rule under Mobutu

Question 14

the congo crisis

Answer 14

began in 1960 after Congo gained formal independence
it saw mutinies, riots and the secession of mineral rich regions like katanga and south kasai which were supported by western interests
it ended in 1965 when mobutu came to power

Question 15

Tshombe

Answer 15

leader of the secessionist katanga province that declared independence in 1960
tshombe sought to maintain control over mineral resources and was supported by the west

Question 16

Hammarskjold

Answer 16

Secretary General of the UN from 1953-1961
he advocated African self-determination and wanted to stabilise the congo through peacekeeping efforts
he refused to support Lumumba when he asked for assistance in taking the Katanga province by force, causing him to turn to the soviets instead
he died mysteriously in a plane crash in 1961

Question 17

Kasavubu

Answer 17

while Lumumba was prime minister, kasavubu was president in 1960
he was aligned with western interests and opposed Lumumba’s nationalist policies
in 1960 he dismissed Lumumba from office

Question 18

thiaroye massacre 1944

Answer 18

the killing of over 300 West African soldiers by French troops in Senegal after the veterans, who had fought for France in World War II, demanded their unpaid wages and better treatment.

Question 19

the french fifth republic

Answer 19

Charles de Gaulle returned as President
its constitution allowed for colonies’ independence
it allowed places like French Guinea to opt for full independence whilst others like Chad, Benin and Mali chose to become states of the French community
France was still reluctant to let go of states and made it difficult for them to be independent

Question 20

francafique

Answer 20

slang term that describes French neo-colonial relations with its former African colonies
Came to denote a shadowy network of military, intelligence, and business ties between French elites and their African counterparts, with no oversight or accountability
France still has permanent military bases in Gabon, Senegal and Djibouti as well as military presence in other countries

Question 21

jacques foccart

Answer 21

1960-74 the French President’s Chief of Staff for African and Malagasy matters for De Gaulle and Pompidou
re-hired in 1986 till he retired in the mid-1990s (working through most influential period)
Founded the Service d’Action Civique (SAC), a covert operations arm of French policy in Africa
had tremendous influence, planned and coordinated numerous covert operations

Question 22

madagascar dirty war

Answer 22

1947-48
French troops put down a pro-independence uprising in Madagascar, killing an estimated 30-40,000 Malagasy (by some estimates it was over 100,000)
French soldiers used mass execution, torture, mass rape, burning of villages, throwing people from planes into the ocean

Question 23

cameroon dirty war

Answer 23

1957-70
aimed to crush the pro-independence Union of Cameroonian Peoples (UPC), killing approximately 300,000 people
was founded by Moumie amongst others, he was assassinated in Switzerland
French troops used mass execution, torture, and rape widely with anyone even remotely associated with the UPC
eye

Question 24

estado novo regime

Answer 24

1933-1974
portugal’s authoritarian dictatorship led by Salazar
they refused to decolonise as it was their way of being equal to more developed european countries leading to colonial wars in Africa

Question 25

us policy towards portugal

Answer 25

JFK sought to sideline communism by encouraging moderate African independence movements but Portuguese harsh policy in Angola saw him censor them at the UN, 1963-74 Johnson, Nixon and Kissinger favour Portugal and have no sympathy for African self-determination Nixon in particular believed white colonial regimes were key US allies and they invested in oil in angola and sold weapons to portugal

Question 26

PAIGC

Answer 26

the african party for the independence of guinea founded in 1956 waged guerilla warfare in the jungles starting in 1963 It was the best organized, best -trained, and most successful of the guerrilla armies on the continent fighting the Portuguese supported by the Soviets, Cuba and other communist states

Question 27

Amilcar Cabral

Answer 27

leader of the PAIGC, hugely popular leader actively involved in the war effort adopted a Marxist framework as well as being an african nationalist and humanist, not easily categorised believed in the self-emancipation for african peoples so they can figure out what is best for themselves assassinated in 1973 on the even of Guinea's liberation o

Question 28

Herbst

Answer 28

the argument about lack of insterstate war making africa weak survival of the fittest, artificial creation of african states

Question 29

grovogui

Answer 29

notion of negative sovereignty international system works to the detriment of african states on purpose

Question 30

nunn

Answer 30

did an investigation into the relationship between slaves of a country and economic development causal negative relationship between number of slaves taken from a country and its subsequent economic development

Question 31

rodney

Answer 31

discusses the role of the slave trade in the rapid development of the global north argues that much of its wealth is built on foundations of the slave trade and this is often overlooked

Question 32

dudziak

Answer 32

argued anti-communism and desegregation are linked US wanted to promote democracy abroad but racism at home made the spread of ideology hypocritical and difficult

Question 33

Davidson

Answer 33

looks at the key factors that determined the success of guerilla movements and whether they remained successful when transitioning into stable political forces they need strong connections with local community, good leaders, adapt to geography, strong ideology when they get into power they are often more successful when they embraced inclusive governance not authoritarianism Guinea-Bissau was one of the most disciplined and organised liberation movements

Question 34

Lyons

Answer 34

- looks at the role of women in Zimbabwe's second chimurenga - finds that despite being militarily trained they were often sidelined, abused and overall patriarchal structures continued to be enforced

Question 35

FRELIMO

Answer 35

- the liberation movement in Mozambique backed by China and the USSR militarily and Nordic countries politically - adopted the view that the colonial system was the enemy, not the Portuguese or white people generally - had a Marxist/Maoist framework - like Guinea Bissau it had a strong organisation system and good military

Question 36

Eduardo Mondlane

Answer 36

- leader of FRELIMO in Mozambique - assassinated in 1969 by the Portuguese - educated at Northwestern

Question 37

'winds of change'

Answer 37

- speech given by MacMillan in South Africa in 1960 - showed british support for its colonies independence but expressed dissatisfaction with apartheid rule

Question 38

Rhodesia's UDI

Answer 38

- their unilateral declaration of independence - 1964 northern rhodesia gained independence - southern rhodesia under PM Ian Smith declared its own 'independence', joining with the north and renaming itself simply Rhodesia - the UN refused to formally recognise it but many other countries gave support - Smith followed Rhodes' vision of white superiority

Question 39

the second chimurenga

Answer 39

- 1966-80 - ZANU under Mugabe - ZAPU under Nkomo - both fought against the Rhodesians in a guerilla war known as the 'bush war' - Rhodesian government enforced forced villagisation to prevent recruitment and material support ## Footnote 1980 ZANU came to power with Mugabe as President