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socio du sport > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of sport within a society?

A

Sport is a world in its own right with its own life and own contradictions.

Recognizes that each person has different capabilities or a different situation and allocates the necessary resources and opportunities to reach an equal outcome.

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2
Q

What is equity?

A

Everyone has the same chances

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3
Q

What is equality?

A

Everyone is given the same thing

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4
Q

MODERN SPORT:
7 characteristics to separate Modern sport and Ancient Sport:

A

*Secularism
— Not bound to religious ceremonies or centred around religious organizations or festivals (Not played to honour a god).

Equality
— Participation for all**.

*Specialization
— Athletes are specialized. With the example of American Football, positions are filled by individuals who train for that specific “job”.

*Rationalization
— Sport is scientific. Athletes are trained using scientific methods and follow prescribed diets and routines.

*Bureaucratization
— Part of a larger structure. Governing bodies make rules, set games, keep records.

*Quantification
— Everything is measured and tracked.

*Records
— We find a certain obsession with records. Best example being the medal count

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5
Q

The Sociological Imagination

A

The ability to connect the social and the personnal, and their relations between the two in society. (you see the bigger picture)

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6
Q

Historical sensitivity with sociological imagination

A

To truly understand the sporting present, you must understand the past.

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7
Q

Comparative sensitivity with sociological imagination

A

We learn about other cultures and come to appreciate and respect diversity. We see that sport isn’t the same everywhere, and that’s okay!

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8
Q

Critical sensitivity with sociological imagination

A

Have you think critically about relationships of power and social change.

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9
Q

Social imagination applied in sports.

A

We focus on the public issue, not only the player, why does the sport of hockey give so many concussions?

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10
Q

Social structure

A

atterned relationships that connect different parts of society to one another.

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11
Q

Agency:

A

Ability of individuals and groups to act independently in a goal-oriented manner and to pursue their own free choices to both act and shape society.

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12
Q

Resources:

A

The capacities that enable individuals or groups to engage in various practices – basically what you have (financial, material, human)

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13
Q

Power:

A

The capacity of a person or group of persons to employ resources of different types in order to secure outcomes, even against opposition.

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14
Q

Power and Sport:

A
  • Structure sport in preferred ways and institutionalize these preferences in sports rules and organizations.
  • Establish selective sports traditions (national anthem for example)
  • Define the range of “legitimate” practices and meanings associated with dominant sports practices. We see here that sport is a social practice shaped by broader power relations, and that it benefits some individuals and groups more than others.
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15
Q

What is theory

A

What is theory : Central tool to understand the human social world.

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16
Q

Sociological theory:

A

Encourages us to think about and evaluate social conditions.

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17
Q

Microsociology:

A

Attempts to understand real-life behaviours of people in society. They examen social interactions and try to understand people and the world around them.

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18
Q

Macrosociology:

A

Grand theories, studies society as a whole. It emphasizes on the structural processes rather than personal interactions.

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19
Q

Structural functionalism:

A

Each of the institutions that together constitutes a society serves a purpose, and each is indispensable for the continued existence of the others and of society as a whole.
EX: How different institutions has different roles to play and specific rules. If one institution will not do its job, the other institutions will start to suffer.

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20
Q

Structural functionalism:
In sports

A

APPLIED IN SPORTS:
How it brought people together during the Super Bowl, Stanley Cup (fewer rates of suicide when their team were winning)

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21
Q

Socialization:

A

Teaches children about the values and norms that are important to the society.

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22
Q

Conflict theory: Karl Marx

A

Believed that economy is the king of all, these conditions are the foundations of social life. The means of production. Conflict of class is built around our resources, resources gives power.

EX: Workers can sell themselves and their times, the rich will gain profit.

CRITICISM:
Built solely around the economy
The poor stay poor and the rich stay rich
Max Weber argues that conflicts does not only arise from economy

GOAL-RATIONAL ACTION:
Achieving a particular end
Limited way of thinking
People love ambition and succeed, in order to gain success, you need to push things aside

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23
Q

Conflict theory applied in sports

A

ex: Government invest in people who have a higher chance of winning.

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24
Q

Symbolic interactionism:

A

The social world is based on interactions and meanings. We are who we are by interacting with people. We act based on the meaning we give something (might be different for some people)

Soooo we develop a sense of self:
I = Thinks about interactions and processes them, our personal responses to what society thinks

Me = Our social self. What we learn and how we think others see us, what does society expect from you?

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25
Symbolic interactionism: Applied in sports
The subculture, fighting in the street vs fighting in the street (what is viewed as wrong)
26
Hegemony:
Explains how power is maintained, the dominant class is always maintained. It is always constant. It is widely accepted because people thought it was common sense. If not, you become deviant.
27
Hegemony: applied in sports
ex: Calgary didn't want the Olympic Games, they have taxes, funded and environment
28
Feminist and gender studies:
Belief that women have rights to all benefits and privileges of social life. The right to choose to participate in sports. Feminist theory inspires studies, Resistance is possible.
29
Feminist and gender studies: Applied in sports
Ex; Casser Semenra has naturally higher testosterone, they thought she was trans, she had to stand naked in front of judge to confirm.
30
Critical race studies:
Examines the important role of race relations and racism in shaping sporting tradition to how they are today. The ideas about race have been naturalized or reinforced through sport.
31
Critical race studies: Applied in sports
It's a question of power and resistance, only white men made Canada proud.
32
Social inequality:
The unequal distribution of valued resources and positions in society. We deem a class is more worthy for more resources.
33
Social Differentiation:
Social characteristics used to differentiate people and divide them into categories. Does NOT put powerful on top and weaker on the bottom.
34
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION:
The institutionalized (agreed upon) system of social inequality. It's the division of social inequality, determines who gets what and why.
35
Social mobility
is the ability to change your place in the social structure. Closed social mobility: Little to no chance to move places (monarchy) Open social mobility: So much more social equality, opportunity to change class
36
Meritocracy:
A reward system in which an individual’s performance determines where the individual will end up on the hierarchy. (Harder work = more rewards, more to the top) (the American dream)
37
Equality to opportunity:
The chance to participate must be equally available to everyone. (not normally the case)
38
Equality to opportunity, applied in sports
Some can’t participate because its too expensive (hokcey)
39
Equality of condition:
Every person taking part in an activity does so under the same conditions.
40
Equality of condition: applied in sports
Not everyone has the same access to coaches, programs, and income
41
Social class:
The division in society. People in the same classes typically share the same level of wealth, education, and income. The subjective aspect of class: Individuals in the same conditions share the same understanding of what their life chances are like.
42
Economic capital:
Usable, economics resources such as money
43
Symbolic capital:
Resources available to someone based on the basis of honour, prestige or recognition, and represents the value an individual has within a group, institution, or society.
44
Social capital:
Related to social connections, institutionalized networks, group memberships.
45
Cultural capital:
Various types of knowledge, cultural goods such as books and paintings, as well as formalized accreditations such as a university degree.
46
Elite sports:
Using the blishen score (wealth and education), to determine sport participation and presence in elite sports. Lower the social class = lower the participation Vicious circle of more wins = more funding Started paying athletes with the best chances to win.
47
Elite sport with sociological imagination:
- Access to sport is not only based on “personal trouble of milieu” - Sport is shaped and constrained by the social structure - American dream is a lie, and you can’t always reach the top - Big issue - Gap between top and bottom are not getting closer Ex: Less and fewer children are in organized sports
48
What is deviance
Anything that deviates from what is considered as normal Deviance doesn't have to always be bad (pink Mohawk it is not considered normal, but it's not dangerous)
49
Deviance applied in sports
Does not cause any threat to collective good, it violates a rule in sports, not society.
50
Social grouping of deviance
it becomes stabilized because they learn a behaviour, and it is normal between that group, it is reinforced (Hockey players, violence, and the way they act towards girls)
51
Social strain theory: EMIL DURKHEIM
Sometimes deviance can occur as a way to resist social structures. It entails that people in an unfair situation will use deviant means to achieve their end. Formation of a counterculture group, a group that goes against dominant social norms.
52
What are the three types of deviance?
Statistical, pathological, and functional
53
1- Statistical deviance
Anything that derives from a statistic Ex: There is a lot more people who are right-handed, left-handed people are deviant
54
2- Pathological deviance
We link deviant personality to mental illnesses Ex: someone makes a crime because he has a mental disability, now deviant
55
3- Functional deviance:
If you want society to function, you need to act a certain way
56
Informal vs formal norms:
Informal = you won't get arrested for breaking and informal norm Ex: hair colour, not to eat a meal Formal = Breaking the law or rules, fine or jail
57
Social control:
Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behaviours in ways that limit, or punish deviance. Reactions from others that influence your decisions. Specific or general: Penalties for specific rule violation vs broader systems of meaning that remind us of what we should or should not be doing.
58
Social control applied in sports
Doping rules and norms within sports vs Police actions from outside of sports.
59
Why deviant? Biological Essentialism:
You are deviant because you look a certain way. (Colour of skin, jaw, cheekbones, nose) Very dated idea, It's how you look biologically.
60
Why deviant? Psychological approach:
You are deviant due to a result of failed socialization
61
Why deviant? Socialization.
The process of learning to behave in society
62
Lebaling theory:
People are deviant because they are labelled as deviant It is society’s response that defines us
63
DURKHEIM: Deviance
Deviance helps define cultural values and norms Society’s response to deviance clarifies moral boundaries Deviance can encourage social change
64
Deviantized bodies:
Some bodies are considered normal and some are not. This social construction of otherness, in sport, serves to remind us who belongs and who does not.
65
Conforming to the sport ethic:
Criteria of what it means to be a real athlete Make sacrifices Strive distinction Accept risks Refuse limits.
66
Positive deviance
You go all in, you except the risks and sacrifices, going so overboard that it becomes deviant. (over enthusiastically following the norms)
67
Moral panic / drug use:
Defined as a threat to societal values and interests. Media or sport organization, put panics around steroid use. Doping: Deviant behaviour, (panic is new)
68
Deviance or bravery: Fluid drugs?
Context matters! Painkillers are seen as a fluid drug. To judge if they are deviant or not, you need to understand the concept into which they are taken. Can be deviant or brave.
69
WADA: World anti-doping agency
To define why a substance is illegal. They wanted clean sports, it is always a step behind. Because of the Cold War and the Tour de France.
70
Deviance with gender
Women’s hockey team, criticized for having a man’s way of celebrating. They have an expectation of the way to be a woman in sports.
71
Deviantized sport:
Can be linked to a particular sport. If a sport seems to be different or unique, participants are automatically labelled as deviant, because it's stupid, reckless or brave. Risky sports (skydiving, rock climbing)
72
Race:
Socially construction that differentiates groups based on physical and genetic characteristics. CLASSIFICATION of physical traits.
73
Ethnicity:
Cultural characteristics shared by a group. EXISTENCE of shared culture.
74
Ethnic population
A category of people perceived differently due to their way of life.
75
Minority:
A population that suffers disadvantages due to systematic discrimination and who demonstrate a close bond to each other based on their social experiences and their history.
76
Structural racism:
Large scale racial discrimination. How the entire system is built around discrimination and racism.
77
The importance of physical activity: culture
Certain activities or sports are tied to one’s specific culture. It reinforces the importance of their ethnicity and their self-perception. Ex: In Canada you play hockey, if you are new in Canada, you will be pressured to play hockey.
78
Marginality theory:
Suggests that the differences in participation in activities are due to the POVERTY experienced by many minority and ethnic people. It functions in the discrimination. BUT… itdoesn't count ethnic minorities that play in wealthy sports. Cricket is based in India, and majority plays it, even if it's expensive here.
79
Ethnicity theory;
Posits that the differences in behaviour can be explained by the existence of a distinct set of subcultural norms and values.
80
Sociological identity theory:
Three processes when a group established itself as the in-group and categorizes the other as the out-group. Social categorization: The categorization of people in order to understand them and identify them (usually becomes stereotypes) Social identification: We adopt the identity of the in-group (which we belong) Social comparison: After we have identified ourselves with a group, and we decide we belong to that group, we start comparing our group.
81
POWER:
The ability of an individual or group to carry out its own will, even when opposed by others.
82
Democratized sport:
It needs to be completely equitable, regardless of race, gender, ect..
83
THE ROONEY RULE:
The “solution” by professional leagues to remedy the issue in order to democratize sports. NFL, forces teams to interview at least one minority for the head coach position, while 65% are POC, only 5% of coaches are… Helping minorities get jobs VERY SYMBOLIC, because the coach positions are often hand-picked earlier
84
Racial ideology:
Interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological. White men skis Blacks couldn’t be quarter backs because they were too dumb Historically: White men perceived themselves as far superior to other races. First nations and slaves… Race is a MYTH: based on socially created ideas of biology. External traits are not linked with patterns of internal differences.
85
Race-norming:
The adjustment of evaluations according to race or ethnicity.
86
Whitestream:
Some sports are seemed as white. (96% of hockey is white)
87
Ableism:
Belief that individuals with bodies and minds that functions normally have more value in society.
88
Narrative around disabled bodies:
They will often focus on injury and will not accept to showcase pain, more or less often than normal athletes. They don't want to stigmatize their performance
89
Paris paralympics:
Considered the “fake event” but paris kept the same logo as the olympics to the paralympics.
90
The IOC:
Hold the same event in the same venue as the Olympic Games. Paralympics can now participate in the Olympics. More social and economic capital to the Paralympics.
91
Disability rights:
Huge role to play in the discrimination of athletes with handicaps. In order to reduce social barriers and discrimination. (symbolic capital)
92
Billie Jean King:
Tennis player, battle of the sexist.
93
Binary
two genders, strong force of what mean a man/woman is.
94
Sex:
The anatomical construction of the body, genitals, hormones.
95
Gender:
Cultural construction. The expectations of our culture regarding attitudes.
96
Cisgender:
when gender aligns with sex
97
Transgender:
When gender does not align with the sex assigned at birth.
98
The script:
It can and will change through time, it follows societal norms. It says that gender has an act, and must follow it.
99
Masculinities:
Exist in opposition to femininity. The idea of what men should be.
100
Hegemony: GENDER
Ideal idea of a “MAN”, strong, rich, white, hetero, violent. There are multiple masculinities or femininities.
101
Patriarchal system:
Men dominate and women are dominated.
102
THE PINK SHIRT:
Built for women, they wanted more people at the games so that their “boyfriends, fathers, husbands” would be less violent. They had the false idea that when women are present, men do not get aggressive or drunk, so it gets them to act more accordingly.
103
Social constructionism:
We do what we do and act the way we act because of our social environment. Setting limits.
104
Feminism:
International goal Resolve the inequality related to sex and gender Elimination against women and girls Girls and women gain confidence and start playing sports.
105
Female athlete paradox:
Conflict between perceived as a woman and being perceived as an athlete. Ex: difficult being seen as an athlete while wearing makeup
106
Sports typing:
Rules to a specific genger, dif. Rules to a set gender. We’ve come a long way, but it is still unfair.
107
The binary model:
No room for anything else, Non-binary are stuck outside of society.
108
Heteronormativity:
More value placed on hetero couples. Other forms are seen as deviant.
109
Homophobia:
The irrational and unrealistic fear towards the LGBTQ that causes hate.
110
Impact on sports: homophobia and gender
Certain sports are deemed more feminine, same thing for women Transgenders can be perceived as unfair Risky being a man because they get into more fights to be perceived manly.
111
Gender dysphoria:
The feeling of hardship or distress that can occur in individuals who judge their gender does not align with their sex or characteristics.
112
Gender verification:
Example of the female boxer, the body produces more testosterone, they are being judged for the way they are. Made her get naked to prove she was a woman.
113
Groupthink:
Phenomena that happens when a group arrives to same consensus without analyzing the consequences. They think too fast to think of the consequences.
114
Theory of oppression:
Explains how social groups are disadvantaged based on perceived differences
115
Conspiracy of silence:
Vicious circle, the behaviour of the group and the size varies (homophobia lies here) Refers to a situation where a group of people, typically within an organization or society, deliberately avoid speaking about or addressing a particular issue

socio du sport (1 decks)

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