Midterm Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is history?
Simple answer
* Examination of change over time
* Trying to understand why these changes occurred
* Making connections to the present
* Historians use a variety of methods and tools
* Various types of history (political, economic, social, and so on)
* “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” approaches
When did Portuguese Exploration begin?
mid-13th C
What made it possible for the Portuguese Exploration to explore?
- While developing their trade networks, they became skilled at sailing against the wind to return
- Papal (pope) support
Spanish Conquest of the Americas: conquest of the Aztec
- Cortés forms alliances with indigenous
groups such as the Tlaxcala - Arrive at Tenochtitlan in November 1519
- Meets with Moctezuma II
- Stayed in Tenochtitlan as for several months
- Cortés, the conquistadors, and allies
capture Moctezuma II - Moctezuma II is killed
- Population of city rise up against the Spanish
In spite of heavy losses,
Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance
attacks Tenochtitlan again in
May 1521 - Smallpox contributed to defeat
of the Aztecs - Cortés establishes new capital on
site of Tenochtitlan
Beginning of systematic
conquest - Ongoing resistance to
Spanish
Who were the Aztecs civilization?
- Alliance of people from Tenochtitlan
and other city-states - Expands through warfare
- Warfare important to Aztec society
- Captives for labor and religious sacrifies
- Highly advanced culture
- Hierarchical society
- Knowledge of mathematics, astronomy,
and engineering - Written records and oral poetry
Spanish Conquest of the Americas: conquest of the Incas
- Atahualpa hoped to create a trap for the
Spanish - Spanish captured Atahualpa, ransomed him
for gold, then executed him - Spain took over capital of Cuzco in 1533
- Continued resistance to Spanish and
warfare continued until the 1570s - Fighting among Spanish settlers as well
Who were the Incas civilization?
- Lived in the Andes and
were more remote and
isolated - 1483- Hereditary rule
declares himself emperor
and begins the expansion
of the Incan empire - Empire well organized
and had network of roads
for communication
Communicated using colored and
knotted cords - Used llamas as pack animals
- Integrated territories they conquered by
spreading their religion and language - By the time of Spanish invasion, the
Incan empire was already weakened - Civil war
- Smallpox
*Incan leader Atahualpa seized control
around the time Pizarro was leading the
Spanish to invade
How did the conquistadors depict their conquest vs the reality? What advantages did they really have?
Conquistadors painted image of
Spain triumphing over the
indigenous population but in reality they had advantages of
* steel, guns, horses, and dogs
* Assisted by spread of disease
* Used allies and divisions with the
Incan and Aztec empires
The Slave Trade: Where do the slaves come from?
Africa
The Slave Trade: Death rates of slaves between capture and being sold
15% to 25%
The Slave Trade: Where the slaves ended up in the Americas
- 45% went to Portuguese Brazil
- 45% to places in Caribbean
- 3% to North American colonies
The Holy Roman Empire: Boundaries and make-up
- Lands we associate with Austria, Czech
Republic, Germany and other parts of
central Europe - Different dynastic families held power
- Role of Electors
- Role of marriage alliances
- Emergence of Habsburg dynasty
The Reformation: Why rulers may have converted?
Some princes and rulers become protestants
* Religious reasons
* Way to challenge emperor’s power and assert own
* Confiscation of lands and property
Relationship between religion and different types or styles of government
- Stronger, centralized governments tended
to remain Catholic
The Reformation: Key figures
- Martin Luther:
A German theologian who sparked the Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church’s practices, particularly the selling of indulgences, through his “Ninety-Five Theses.” - John Calvin:
A French theologian who developed a system of Protestant theology emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God, which significantly influenced the Reformation in Switzerland and beyond - Henry VIII:
King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England, primarily to obtain a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon - Huldrych Zwingli:
A Swiss reformer whose teachings focused on a more literal interpretation of the Bible, leading to significant changes in the Swiss Church
The Wars of Religion: Why they were fought?
- securing religious freedom for one’s faith,
- gaining political control,
- defending against perceived threats from the opposing religious group.
- Treaty of Augsburg
Delicate balance, but problematic
Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic
Other religious groups were not legal
People could move
Gave more power to the princes
The Wars of Religion: The St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (April 24, 1572)
* King’s sister (Catholic) was marrying Henry of Navarre
(Protestant) to help smooth out some religious tensions
* Huguenots (Protestant) came to the wedding but were massacred by the soldiers
* Other protestants were killed by mobs and their things
looted
* Often blamed on Catherine de’ Medici, but may not
have been her fault
* Fear spread to countryside
* Renewed wars of religion
The Wars of Religion: The General Resolution (the Peace of Augsburg in 1555)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
becomes permanent, but now
* Religion of ruler became religion of that region
* Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic or Calvinist
* People could move
* Gave more power to the princes
Who were the Habsburgs?
They were catholics that dominate Holy Roman Empire. Ruled Spain and Holy Roman Empire
The Peace of Augsburg
First:
* Treaty of Augsburg is signed in 1555
* Legalized Lutheranism
* Religion of ruler became religion of that region
* Delicate balance, but problematic
* Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic
* Other religious groups were not legal
* People could move
* Gave more power to the princes
* Charles V abdicates and Habsburg Empire split
into two sections
Then:
* then included calvinist
Write 5 sentences about Martin Luther.
- Born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben (Saxony), Germany
- Studied to become a lawyer but then changed to become a monk after stuck in a thunderstorm
- Wrote Ninety-Five Theses (1517) about indulgences about reducing time in purgatory
- Translated New Testament into German
- Anti-Semitism after not being able to convert them
- Advocated for schools in cities
Write 5 sentences about John Calvin
- Born in France in 1509
- Believed in predestination that the teaching that God determined the slavation or damniation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
- In 1533 he experienced a religious ciris, and converted to Protestantism
*Established a Christian community for many Protestant reformers called Geneva based on this principles - His wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
Write 5 sentences about Huguenots
- French Calvinists are known as Huguenots
- Many Huguenots live in big cities
- Huguenots came to the wedding but were massacred by
the soldiers during St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (April 24, 1572) - Edict of Nantes (1598): allows Huguenots to live
and worship in 150 fortified cities - The Huguenots fought for religious freedom in the Wars of Religion and at the start of the Thirty Years War.
Write 5 sentences about Politiques
- Protestant and Catholic moderates
- Worked to find way to preserve France
- Strong monarchy and allow Huguenots
- Henry of Navarre (groom) becomes Henry IV and
converts to Catholicism - Edict of Nantes (1598): allows Huguenots to live
and worship in 150 fortified cities - Helped to pave way for absolutist
