Midterm Flashcards
(42 cards)
Renaissance
The rebirth of classical Greek & Roman art, literature, architecture, and culture
What was produced by the English Renaissance?
Shakespeare and the emergence of theater as a form of popular entertainment.
Who funded the Italian Renaissance?
wealthy bankers, businessmen, churchmen, and nobles in Florence and Venice.
Humanism
study of human experience using reason and scientific inquiry rather than religious dogma and superstition.
Protestant (Christian) Reformation
16th century movement that challenged the Catholic Church’s authority and doctrine. The common man demanded more control over religion.
Counter Reformation
Attempts to reassert the authority of the Catholic Church. Used persecution and repression to quell the Protestant Reformation.
John Wycliffe
Leader of English Reformation. Produced first english Bible.
Lollards
Followers of John Wycliffe. Saw Bible as religious authority. Catholic Church was corrupt.
Martin Luther
Catholic priest and professor in the 1520s who criticized the Catholic church and ushered in the Christian Reformation.
When were the 95 Theses published?
October 31st, 1517.
95 Theses
Martin Luther’s 95 suggestions for the Catholic Church to improve and reform. Emphasised personal salvation & sola scriptora
Johannes Gutenburg
Inventor of the printing press in 1440. Helped mass-produce the bible for the common man, and aided the Christian Reformation.
What civilization did Hernan Cortes encounter November 8, 1519?
Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire.
Who was Hernando Cortes?
Spanish explorer in the 1520s who helped colonize South America, and brought about the downfall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.
What was traded during the Columbian Exchange?
- People migrated to the Americas from Afro-Eurasia
- Brought domesticated livestock + sugar + wheat to Americas
- American commodities grown worldwide (chocolate, tomatos, tobacco)
- Diseases caused mass casualties.
Encomiendas
Form of feudalism in the Americas that Gave Spanish “trustees” the responsibility to christianize and protect indigenous peoples in return for the indigenous peoples’ exploited labour.
The Requirement
Text issued by Spanish crown to be read by by Spanish colonists to any new indigenous groups they encountered. It offered the opportunity to accept Christianity and Spanish authority peacefully, or risk their life and freedom.
The Middle Passage
The route that connected Africa to the Americas, which was used to transport mass slaves from Africa.
The African Slave Trade
The mass importation of slaves from Africa for the use in plantation labour in the Americas. Slaves became commodities due to American Chattel Slavery.
Absolutism
The ruler or monarch has absolute authority.
What destablilized Europe in the 16th Century?
commercial revolutions and religious reformations
What was The English Civil War known as?
The War of Religion
The Enlightenment
System of thought that believed in progress.
* Focused on rational observation and individual thought.
* Fostered religious tolerance
* Birthed political modernity.
Isaac Newton
English theologian and scientist who invented calculus, and laws of gravity.
