Midterm

Question 1

Biculturalism

Answer 1

The ability to function in two cultural environments.

Question 2

Assimilation

Answer 2

The process by which a cultural group fully adopts the customs and norms of another.

Question 3

Enculturation

Answer 3

The process by which cultural values and norms are passed from one generation to another.

Question 4

Acculturation

Answer 4

When an ethnic group adopts some traits of the dominant culture while maintaining its own.

Question 5

Traditions, Customs, Manners

Answer 5

Practices that define a group’s behaviors and interactions.

Question 6

Foodways/Food Habits

Answer 6

The ways humans select, prepare, distribute, and consume food.

Question 7

Mixed Salad / Cultural Plurality

Answer 7

The coexistence of multiple cultures where each retains its identity.

Question 8

Interculturalism

Answer 8

Interaction and blending of cultural elements.

Question 9

Cultural Competency

Answer 9

The ability to effectively work with different cultural groups, especially in healthcare and food services.

Question 10

The Omnivore’s Paradox

Answer 10

Humans can eat a wide variety of foods but prefer familiar ones.
There is a tension between trying new foods and sticking to known ones.

Question 11

Core Foods

Answer 11

Staples eaten regularly (e.g., rice, wheat, corn).

Question 12

Complementary Foods

Answer 12

Side foods that enhance taste and nutrition (e.g., spices, sauces).

Question 13

Secondary Foods

Answer 13

Consumed often but not daily (e.g., meats, vegetables).

Question 14

Peripheral Foods

Answer 14

Eaten occasionally (e.g., special dishes).

Question 15

Globalization

Answer 15

Expansion of food access worldwide.

Question 16

Consumerization

Answer 16

Shift from local foods to mass-produced items.

Question 17

Modernization

Answer 17

From manual food prep to industrialized production.

Question 18

Urbanization

Answer 18

Rural to city migration affecting diets.

Question 19

Commoditization

Answer 19

From homemade to commercially packaged foods.

Question 20

Slow Food Movement

Answer 20

Founded by: Carlo Petrini (Italian journalist) in 1986 in response to McDonald’s opening near the Spanish Steps in Rome.
Main Goal: To promote traditional, local, and sustainable food over industrial fast food.

3 Principles:
Good – Food should be healthy and taste good.
Clean – Food should be produced with minimal environmental impact and respect for animal welfare.
Fair – Food should be accessible to all and produced under fair conditions for workers.

Question 21

Biomedical Definition of Health

Answer 21

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”

Question 22

Cultural Perspectives on Health

Answer 22

Some cultures include natural, spiritual, and supernatural elements in health.

Health can be holistic, considering balance in body, mind, and spirit.

Question 23

Traditional vs. Biomedical Health Views

Answer 23

Biomedicine (Western Medicine):
- Based on scientific research and technology.
- Focuses on treatment of disease.
- Ignores spiritual or supernatural aspects of health.

Traditional Medicine:
- Varies by culture, often includes herbal remedies, prayers, or natural healing.
- Believes balance (yin-yang, hot-cold, etc.) is key to good health.

Question 24

Four Theories on the Causes of Sickness

Answer 24

Personal Behaviors – (e.g., smoking, diet, lack of exercise).
Natural World Causes – (e.g., viruses, bacteria, environmental factors).
Social World Causes – (e.g., stress, relationships, the “evil eye”).
Supernatural Causes – (e.g., spirits, gods, curses, fate).

Question 25

Common Practices for Good Health

Answer 25

Proper diet (nutrient balance). Rest and cleanliness (showering, hygiene varies by culture). Spiritual balance (meditation, religious fasting, rituals). Herbal or natural remedies (widely used worldwide).

Question 26

Thinness vs. Heaviness

Answer 26

In the U.S., thinness = beauty and health. In some cultures, being heavier is a sign of wealth and well-being. Cultural differences in food choices affect body weight and health perceptions.

Question 27

Types of Healing Therapies

Answer 27

Biomedical Approach – Surgery, medication, technology-based treatments. Natural Remedies – Herbs, botanicals, teas. Physical Interventions – Massage, acupuncture, chiropractic care. Magico-Religious Healing – Prayer, rituals, meditation, exorcism.

Question 28

Examples of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Practices

Answer 28

Osteopathy – Uses hands-on manipulation for healing. Naturopathy – Uses natural remedies and holistic approaches. Supernatural Healing – Energy healing, faith healing. Magico-Religious Interventions – Prayer, pilgrimages, ancestral healing.

Question 29

Medical Pluralism

Answer 29

A combination of biomedical and traditional healing approaches. Holistic care that respects cultural preferences. Used widely in diverse societies like the U.S.

Question 30

Importance of Intercultural Communication

Answer 30

Involves verbal and nonverbal communication differences. Includes words, gestures, posture, spatial relationships, time perception, status, and cultural norms. Effective communication avoids misunderstandings and enhances cross-cultural interactions.

Question 31

The Iceberg Model of Communication

Answer 31

Visible Aspects (Above the Surface): Race, age, gender. Hidden Aspects (Below the Surface): Acculturation, socioeconomic status, health beliefs, religion, education, sexual orientation, political views. These hidden factors strongly influence communication but are not immediately visible.

Question 32

High-Context vs. Low-Context Communication

Answer 32

Low-Context Cultures (Direct Communication) Words carry most of the meaning. Messages are explicit, clear, and detailed. Common in U.S., Germany, Scandinavia, Canada, and Northern Europe. Example: Doctors in the U.S. explain diagnoses in detail. High-Context Cultures (Indirect Communication) Context, tone, and nonverbal cues matter more than words. Messages are implicit, indirect, and based on relationships. Common in Asian, Middle Eastern, Native American, and Latin American cultures. Example: In Japan, disagreement is often expressed subtly rather than directly saying "no." Cultural Misunderstandings: A low-context speaker might view a high-context listener as vague or indirect. A high-context speaker might see a low-context listener as too blunt or rude.

Question 33

Low-Context Cultures

Answer 33

Equal relationships; questioning authority is acceptable. Example: Employees call their boss by first name. Value punctuality and schedules. Focus on one task at a time.

Question 34

High-Context Cultures

Answer 34

Respect for hierarchy; authority is rarely questioned. Example: A patient may not question a doctor’s advice, even if they don’t fully understand. More flexible with time; relationships come first. Comfortable multitasking and interruptions.

Question 35

CRASH Model Meaning

Answer 35

C – Consider Culture in every interaction. R – Show Respect for cultural differences. A – Assess & Affirm individual differences. S – Be Sensitive to communication styles. H – Practice Humility; don’t assume you know everything about another culture.

Question 36

LEARN Model Meaning

Answer 36

L – Listen with empathy. E – Explain your understanding. A – Acknowledge cultural differences. R – Recommend solutions respectfully. N – Negotiate to find culturally acceptable health solutions.

Question 37

Cultural Humility vs. Cultural Competence

Answer 37

Cultural Competence – Learning about different cultures and applying that knowledge. Cultural Humility – A lifelong process of self-reflection, learning, and openness. Key Idea: Instead of assuming expertise on a culture, remain open and adaptable.

Question 38

The Role of Religion in Food Practices

Answer 38

Religious dietary practices shape cultural food habits. Many food rules were established centuries ago and have evolved. Religion can influence: What is eaten (e.g., kosher, halal, vegetarian). When food is eaten (e.g., fasting periods). How food is prepared (e.g., kosher slaughtering methods). Who food is shared with (e.g., communal feasts).

Question 39

Judaism Groups & Religions

Answer 39

Ashkenazi Jews → European origin, eat foods like bagels, brisket, latkes. Sephardic Jews → Middle Eastern, North African origin, eat foods like hummus, olives, couscous. Christianity & Islam

Question 40

Kashrut (Jewish Dietary Laws)

Answer 40

Kashrut (Jewish Dietary Laws): - Kosher = "Fit" (permitted foods). - Non-Kosher (Treif) = Not allowed (e.g., pork, shellfish). - Milk and meat cannot be mixed (must wait hours between consuming). - Kosher meat must be slaughtered in a specific way.

Question 41

Jewish Religious Holidays & Foods

Answer 41

Sabbath (Shabbat) – Bread (challah), wine, roasted meats. Passover (Pesach) – Matzah (unleavened bread), no leavened products. Hanukkah – Fried foods like latkes (potato pancakes). Yom Kippur – Fasting for 25 hours.

Question 42

Jewish Common Health Issues

Answer 42

60–80% of Ashkenazi Jews are lactose intolerant. Higher rates of inflammatory bowel disease.

Question 43

Christianity

Answer 43

Largest world religion. Major branches: Roman Catholicism – Includes fasting periods, feasts (e.g., Lent, Christmas, Easter). Eastern Orthodox Christianity – Strict fasting, vegetarian meals during certain times. Protestantism – No universal food rules, but Mormons avoid caffeine and Seventh-Day Adventists promote vegetarianism. Symbolism of Bread in Christianity: Represents life, spiritual nourishment. Used in Christian sacraments (e.g., communion). Jesus performed miracles with bread (multiplication of loaves).

Question 44

Islam

Answer 44

Second-largest religion. The Quran sets dietary laws. No priests; each Muslim is responsible for their own faith. Halal (Permitted) vs. Haram (Forbidden) Foods: Halal → Meat must be slaughtered per Islamic law. Haram → Pork, alcohol, improperly slaughtered animals. Islamic Feast and Fast Days: Ramadan – 30-day fasting period from dawn to sunset. Eid al-Fitr – Festival breaking Ramadan fast. Eid al-Adha – Sacrifice feast, meat is distributed to the poor. Muslims break their fast with dates, following Prophet Muhammad’s tradition.

Question 45

Hinduism

Answer 45

World’s oldest organized religion. Belief in reincarnation – Actions in life affect future rebirths (karma). Many Hindus are vegetarian to follow nonviolence (ahimsa). Cows are sacred – Not killed or eaten. Hindu Festivals and Fasting: Holi – Spring festival, sharing food with the poor. Hindu weddings – Multi-day feasts with samosas, biryani, paneer, and sweets. Fasting is common but varies by caste, region, and occasion.

Question 46

Buddhism

Answer 46

Dietary rules depend on sect & country: Mahayana Buddhists → More likely to be vegetarian. Theravada Buddhists → Some eat fish, avoid beef. Some Buddhists eat meat but only if they did not kill the animal. Buddhist Feasts and Fasts: Vesak – Honors Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and death. Buddhist monks fast twice a month.

Question 47

Traditional Native American Foods (Three Sisters)

Answer 47

1. Corn (Maize). 2. Beans. 3. Squash.

Question 48

What is the Native American worldview?

Answer 48

🔹 Harmony with nature – Balance between spiritual, social, and physical needs. 🔹 Time is cyclical – Present needs over future concerns. 🔹 Personal autonomy is highly valued – Family members don’t speak for each other.

Question 49

Bannock

Answer 49

Native American Dish Flatbread (flour, fat, water).

Question 50

Pemmican

Answer 50

Native American Dish Dried meat mixed with berries.

Question 51

Wojapi

Answer 51

Native American Dish Thick berry pudding.

Question 52

Piki

Answer 52

Native American Dish Blue corn pancake.

Question 53

Chukuviki

Answer 53

Native American Dish Corn-based dish.

Question 54

What are the major Northern European immigrant groups?

Answer 54

British → New England, Virginia, Maryland. Scottish → Spread across the U.S. French → Louisiana (Cajuns from French Canadians).

Question 55

What are the dominant religions of Northern Europeans?

Answer 55

British → Protestant (Church of England → Episcopal in the U.S.). Irish & French → Roman Catholic.

Question 56

What are common British & Irish foods?

Answer 56

Staples → Potatoes, bread (wheat & oats), meats, dairy. Meals → Breakfast, lunch, tea, evening meal. Specialties → Fish & chips, shepherd’s pie, black pudding.

Question 57

What are key elements of French cuisine

Answer 57

👩‍🍳 Haute Cuisine – Gourmet, refined, artistic. 🏡 Provincial Cuisine – Regional, home-style cooking. 🥖 Staples – Baguettes, sauces (Béchamel, Velouté, Hollandaise).

Question 58

What are table etiquette rules in France

Answer 58

🍴 Fork remains in left hand while cutting food. 🍞 Bread placed directly on the table. ✋ Hands rest on the table (not in lap).

Question 59

What is the major health concern for Northern Europeans

Answer 59

⚠️ High cholesterol & fat intake. ⚠️ **Higher rates of celiac disease & hemochromatosis (iron overload).

Question 60

What is the meal structure in Southern Europe

Answer 60

🍝 Italy – Light breakfast, large lunch (main meal), light dinner. 🍽️ Spain – 4 meals + tapas/snacks, late dinner (10 PM–midnight).

Question 61

What are key characteristics of Italian cuisine

Answer 61

Pasta sauces vary by region: North → Cream-based sauces. South → Tomato-based sauces.

Question 62

What are common Spanish & Portuguese foods

Answer 62

🥘 Spain → Tapas, gazpacho, garlic, tomatoes, saffron. 🇵🇹 Portugal → Soups, stews, seafood. 🍽️ Both → Egg, lamb, pork, poultry, dried/salted fish.

Question 63

What is the Mediterranean Diet & why is it healthy

Answer 63

✅ High in → Veggies, fruits, whole grains, legumes, olive oil. ✅ Moderate in → Fish, poultry, eggs, dairy, wine. ❌ Limited in → Red meat & processed foods. 💓 Health benefits → Lowers heart disease risk, increases longevity.

Question 64

What countries are included in Central Europe?

Answer 64

Germany, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein.

Question 65

What countries are included in the Former Soviet Union (FSU)?

Answer 65

Russia & Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).

Question 66

What is the largest ethnic group in the U.S. from this region?

Answer 66

German-Americans

Question 67

What is the dominant religion in Central Europe?

Answer 67

Germany – Lutheran. Poland & Austria – Roman Catholic. Russia – Russian Orthodox Church.

Question 68

What are traditional food habits in Central Europe & FSU?

Answer 68

🥖 Bread is a staple (rye, whole wheat, pumpernickel, egg, potato). 🥩 Meat is essential (pork, beef, poultry, sausages). 🥛 Dairy is consumed daily (cheese, sour cream). ☕ Coffee & tea are common beverages.

Question 69

What is the largest meal of the day in Central Europe & Russia?

Answer 69

Lunch is the largest meal. Traditionally, affluent Russians ate four meals a day.

Question 70

What are the reasons people/cultures eat?

Answer 70

Survival – Food as sustenance. Cultural identity – Traditions & heritage. Social connection – Bonding over meals. Health & nutrition – Food choices impact well-being. Religious or spiritual reasons – Fasting, feasting, food taboos.