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Abnormal Psychology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the criteria of mental illness?

A

Deviance: Different, extreme, unusual, bizarre
Distress: unpleasant and upsetting
Dysfunction: interfering with the persons ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way
Danger: Dangerous

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2
Q

Types of psychotherapists

A

Psychologists
Psychiatrists
Nursers
Social Workers
Marriage and Family Therapists
Counselors

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3
Q

*Different types of research methods
Advantages and Disadvantages of Each Type

A

(one person) Case Study: detailed description of a person’s life and psychological problems

Advantages: source of new ideas
Disadvantages: biased observers, rely on subjective evidence, little basis for generalization

(multiple) Correlational Method: a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other “Is there a correlation between x that affects x”

Advantages: a better position to generalize their correlations, researchers can easily repeat correlational studies using new samples
Disadvantages:

(multiple) Experimental method: research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the manipulations effect on another variable is observed
Advantages:
Disadvantages:

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4
Q

*Major areas of the brain (Frontal Lobe and Depression) f

A

Frontal Lobe: largest lobe of the brain that controls cognitive, emotional and motor functions

Prefrontal Cortex: planning and decision making
motor cortex: voluntary movements
Brocas area: language production
orbital frontal cortex: regulates emotional and social behavior

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5
Q

*Role of neurotransmitters (synapse)

A

A chemical that is released when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending and is stimulated

GABA: low amounts in anxiety disorders

Seratonin: low leves = depression

Dopamine: high levels = psychosis

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6
Q

Freuds psychodynamic model, developmental stages, ID, Ego, Superego

A

Psychodynamic Model: 3 central forces shape the personality, abnormal symptoms result from conflict between forces, conflicts from early parent-child relationships, and traumas

ID: the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses - pleasure principle
Ego: the psychological force that employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle - knowledge through experience
Superego: grows from the ego, morality principle- sense of what is right and wrong

Developmental Stages:
oral - birth to 18 months
anal: 18 months to 3 years
phallic: 3 years to 5 years
latency: 5 years to 12 years
genital: 12 years on

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7
Q

What makes a good psychological test: standardization, reliability, validity

A

Standardization: test is normed on population, therefor a common standard

Reliability: consistinecy of assesment measures, yield similiar results

Validity: must accurately measure what it is supposed to measure

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8
Q

Type of Test: Projective

A

Test taker responds to ambiguous stimuli - inkblots or ambigous pictures

Goal: to bring out unconcious processes

Examples: Rorscharch: inkblots, TAT (thematic apperception test): pictorial projective test Sentence Completion, Drawings

Not standardized, could have cultural biases

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9
Q

Type of Test: Personality Inventories

A

Measures: personality characteristics, behaviors, beliefs and feelings

Examples: MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) : 500 self statements to be labeled true, false or cannot say

10 scales
Hypchondriasis: abnormal concenr with bodily function
Depression: extreme pessimism and hopelessness
Hysteria:person may use physical or mental systems as way to avoid conflict
Psychopathic deviate: repeated and gross disregard for social customs and emotional shallowness
Masculinity-Feminine: thought to seperate male and female respondants
Paraonia: abnormal suspicousness and delusions of persecution
Psychastehnia: obsessions, compulsions, abnormal fears and guilt
Schizophrenia: bizarre or unusual thoughts and behavior
Hypomania: show emotional excitement, overactivity and flight of ideas
Social Introversion: show shyness, little interest in people and insecurity

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10
Q

Type of test: IQ test

A

An overall score derived from intelligence tests

Standford-Binet

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

Verbal, Performance, Full Scale

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11
Q

Type of test: psycho physiological test

A

Measure physiological responses (heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems

Anxiety

Polygraph/Lie Detector

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12
Q

Type of test: neuropsychological tests

A

Measure cognitive, perceptual, and motor performances on certain tasks to detect the brains impairment

Bender gestalt: nine cards displaying a simple geometrical design, copy them on a peice of paper, try to redraw them from memory

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13
Q

Type of test: neurological test

A

A test that directly measures brain structure or activity

CAT: Computerized Axial Tomography: x rays of the brains structure are taken at different angles and combined

PET: positron emission tomography: computer produced motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain

MRI: magnetic resonance imaging: a procedure that used the magnetic property of certain hydrogen atoms in the brain to create a detailed picture of the brains structure

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14
Q

Type of classification: Syndrome

A

Not a diagnosis

A cluster of symptoms

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15
Q

Type of classification: DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual)

A

most widely used classification system

DSM 5: lists more than 500 mental disorders, describes the criteria for diagnosing the disorder and the key clinical features, must provide categorical and dimensional information

Anxiety: general feelings of anxiety, fears of specific situations, anxiety about social situations, panic

Depressive: extreme sadness, persistent and chronic sadness, severe premenstrual sadness

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16
Q

Type of Classification: ICD (International Classification of Disorders)

A

lists both medical and psychological disorders

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17
Q

*GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)

A

Type: free floating anxiety
Symptom: edginess, fatigure, poor concentration, irratibility, muscle tension, sleep problems
Approximate prevalence rates: 3%, more women than men
Causes:
Sociocultural: ongoing societial conditions that are dangerous, stress, poverty, ethnicity
Psychodynamic: repressed issues
Personality: childhood experiences
Biological: self critical, need unconditional postive regard, not true to themselves
Treatment: Both CBT and medication

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18
Q

Phobias Specific = Simple

A

Persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity or situation
Approximate prevalence rates: 9%
Most common in hispanic and wome
Public Speaking is a simple phobia and most common
Causes: classical conditioning, modeling, stimulus generalization, prepardness, littel albert
Treatment: Expore and response prevention (CBT)

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19
Q

Public Speaking Phobia

A

glossophobia

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20
Q

Dog Phobia

A

Cynophobia

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21
Q

Spider Phobia

A

Arachnophobia

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22
Q

Thunder Phobia

A

astraphobia

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23
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Type: Social Phobia
Symptom:
Prevelance: 7% More women 3:2
Causes: Classical Conditioning, modeling, stimulus genrealization, biological
Treatment: exposure and response prevention, systematic desensitization, modeling, cognitive therapies, social skills training, assertive training, antidepressant medication

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24
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Type:
Symptom: panic attacks,
Approximate prevalence rates: 2.7% 2:1 Female, runs in families and high in identical twins
Causes: Biological
Treatment: both CBT and medication, antidpressants

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25
OCD
Symptom: Occurance of repeated obsessions, obsessions take up considerable time, signifcant distress Approximate prevalence rates: 1% 1:1 male/female Causes: Biological - runs in families - high in identical low levels of seratonin abnormal functioning in orbitofrontal cortex and caudete nuclei Psychodynamic - obsessions make person anxious - compulsions are defense mechanisms Cognitive - develop rituals to neutralize he thoughts Treatment: cognitive behavioral - exposure and response prevention, fear hierarchy, habituation training, medication (antidepressants)
26
Acute Stress Disorder
Type: Like PTSD, last only a month Symptom: high anxiety, reexperiencing traumatic events, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal, guilt Approximate prevalence rates: 6% Causes: exposure to traumatic events
27
PTSD
Type: last over a month, often long after event Symptom: high anxiety, reexperiencing the traumatic event, avoidance, reduced responsiveness, increased arousal, guilt Approximate prevalence rates: 2:1 female, 3.5 prevalence per year, 7% lifetime, hispanics have higher rate Causes: combat, disasters, accidents, victimization Biological - abnormal cortisol and neurotransmitter norepiniephrine, high arousal, high concordance rates in identical twins Childhood experiences, lack of social support, severity of traumas Treatment: Medication or CBT Treatment
28
*Types of psycho physiological disorders
Ulcer - stress can play the role in development of ulcers Migraines - stress can be a trigger for episodes GI Problems - stress and anxiety
29
Type A personality
- excessive ambition - aggression - competitiveness - drive -impatience - need for control - focus on quantity over quality - unrealistic sense of urgency
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Type B personality
- relaxed - easygoing - flexible - adaptable - less driven and competitive
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Conversion
Type: Somatoform Symptoms: Dramatic physical symptoms, often neurological, Prevalence: rare 5/1000, woman 2x male Cause: appears suddenly, in times of extreme stress not intentionally produced or feigned
32
Somatization
Type: Somatoform Symptoms: a physical illness or ailment that is explained largely by psychosocial causes, in which the patient experiences no sense of wanting to guiding the symptoms no medical illness to explain symptoms Prevalence: Mostly female Causes: before age 30, lasts several years Treatment: psychotherapy and medication
33
Dissociative Amnesia
Type: PTSD/Dissociative Disorder Symptoms: can not recall important life-related information, significant distress or impairment, not caused by substance can be localized, selective, generalized, or continuous Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: Repression Best treatment: psychodynamic therapy, hypnotic therapy, drug therapy
34
Pain disorder
Type: Somatoform Disorders Symptoms: pain is a major problem not intentionally produced or feigned Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: psychological factors are major role in onset, severity, exacerbation or maintenance Best treatment: medication and CBT
35
Hypochondriasis
Type: Somatoform Disorders Symptoms: Absence of delusions Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: genetic, environmental, psychological Best treatment: CBT and medication
36
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Type: OCD/preoccupation somatoform Symptoms: people become preoccupied with the belief that they have certain deflect or flaws in their physical appearance, imagined or greatly exaggerated Approximate prevalence rates: 1.2% /2.3% Causes: genetic, neurochemical, psychological, social Best treatment: exposure and response prevention
37
Dissociative Fugue
Type: PTSD Symptoms: forget their personal identies and flee to different locations Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: Repression Best treatment: psychotherapy
38
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Type: Multiple Personality Disorder Symptoms: presence of two or more distinct identities or personality stares, control of the persons behavior, inability to recall important personal information Approximate prevalence rates: rare, often get brought up after another diagnosis Causes: Repression Best treatment: recognizing the disorder, recovering memories, integrating the subpersonalites
39
Munchausen Syndrome
Type: factitious disorder Symptoms: fabricating, self-inflicting injuries, seeking unnecessary medical tests, having history of multiple hospitalizations Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: childhood trauma, feelings of inadequacy, borderline personality disorder Best treatment: psychotherapy
40
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy
Type: factitious disorder imposed on another Symptoms: Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: Best treatment:
41
Repressed Memory Issues
- Flashbacks - Chronic Anxiety - Low self-esteem
42
False Memory Syndrome issues
- Distress - Relationship strain - False accusations
43
Major Affective Disorder/Unipolar
Type: Mood disorder Major depressive: severe disabling depression that is caused by drugs or a medical condition Depression with psychosis: needs medication
44
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Type: Depression Symptoms: depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: related to changes in sunlight exposure during the winter months Best treatment: light therapy, antidepressant medication
45
Postpartum Depression
Type: Mood Disorder Symptoms: persistent feeling of sadness, loss of interest, difficulty sleeping, thoughts of harming oneself or the baby Approximate prevalence rates: 6.5% Causes: history of depression, family history, stressful pregnancy, social isolation Best treatment: Psychotherapy and antidepressant medication
46
Postpartum Psychosis
Type: Symptoms: few weeks after giving birth: Hallucinations, delusions, confusion and disorientation, rapid mood swings Approximate prevalence rates: 0.089 to 2.6 Causes: hormonal changes and other factors that occur after childbirth Best treatment: immediate attention, hospitalization, antipsychotic medication, mood stabilizers
47
*Bipolar Disorder/Manic Depressive Disorder (Bipolar I/II)
Bipolar I Type: bipolar disorder Symptoms: occurrence of a manic episode and major depressive episodes Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: neurotransmitters, ion activity, brain structure, genetics, Best treatment: mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, antidepressants, CBT Bipolar II Type: bipolar disorder Symptoms: history of major depressive episodes, history of hypomanic episodes, no history of a manic episode Approximate prevalence rates: Causes: neurotransmitters Best treatment: lithium and other mood stabilizers
48
Cyclothymic Disorder
Type: Chronic mood disorder Symptoms: numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive episodes Approximate prevalence rates: begins in adolescence and is equally common in men and women, 0.4% Causes: genetics Best treatment: CBT and medication
49
Suicide Rates by age
Increases middle age, decreases during old age, increases again at 85
50
Suicide Rates by gender
3x as many women than men Men succeed more Men = 19/1000 Women = 4/1000 Men are more violent
51
Suicide Rates by race
White people are twice as high than African Americans
52
Suicide Rates by martial status
Divorced people have a higher rate
53
Suicide Rates by SES
54
Suicide Rates by religious background
Catholic, Jewish, or Muslim = low suicide rates
55
Suicide Rates by country where person lives
South Korea, Russia, Hungary, Germany, Austria, Finland, Denmark, China, and Japan = high suicide rates Egypt, Mexico, Greece and Spain = low rates USA and Canda fall in between
56
Types of suicide attempts: Death seekers
intent to end their lives at the time they attempt suicide
57
types of suicide attempts: death initiator
clearly intend to end their lives but act put of belief that the process of death is already under way and that they are quickening the process
58
Types of suicide attempts: death ignorer
do not believe that their self inflicted death will mean the end of their existence
59
Types of suicide attempts: death darer
experience mixed feelings about their intent to die, risk taking behavior does not guarantee death
60
Trephination
surgical procedure where a hole is drilled or scraped into the skull
61
Humors
ancient greek theory that refers to the theory that mental and physical illnesses were caused by an imbalance of four bodily fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
62
Psychoanalysis
theory that our present is shaped by our past
63
Psychotropic medication
drugs that affect a person's mental state, emotions, and behavior - antidepressants - antipsychotics - antixiolytics -mood stabilizers - stimulants
64
Neurons
nerve cells that are the fundamental unit of the nervous system
65
Neurotransmitter
A chemical that is released when an electrical impulse reaches a neurons ending and is stimulated
66
ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
medical treatment that involves passing a brief electrical current through the brain to induce a seizure. used to treat mental health conditions
67
Psychosurgery
Surgical procedure that involves altering the brain to treat severe mental health conditions
68
Freud Defense Mechanisms
Denial: refusing to acknowledge a painful reality Repression: unconsciously pushing unacceptable thoughts, feelings or memories out of awareness Reaction formation: behaving in the opposite way of how one truly feels to mask unacceptable impulses Fixation: persistent focus of the ids pleasure-seeking energies at an early stage of psychosexual development Resistance: patients unconscious opposition to the exploration of painful memories during therapy
69
Freud transference/countertransference
Transference: patient unconsciously projecting feelings, thoughts, and behaviors from past relationships onto the therapist Countertransference: Therapists unconscious emotional reactions to a patient Free association: Patient is responsible for starting and leading discussion, describe any thoughts or feelings Catharsis: The reliving of past repressed feelings in order to settle internal conflicts and overcome problems
70
Operant Conditioning
A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated Rewards: behavior that is rewarded is most likely to happen again Punishment: behavior that is punished is less likely to happen again
71
Classical Conditioning
A process of learning in which two events that repeatedly occur close together in time become fused in a persons mind and produce the same respone Fear Reaction: when you recognize fear your amygdala goes to work
72
CBT Techniques: Systematic Desensitization
Systematic Desensitization: A behavioral treatment that uses relaxation training and a fear of hierachy to help clients with phobias react calmly to the objects or situations they dread
73
CBT Techniques: Fear hierarchy
tool used in exposure response prevention and CBT to help individuals with OCD gradually confront their fears and anxieties
74
CBT techniques: exposure and response prevention
A behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorder that exposes a client to anxiety arousing thoughts or situations and then prevents the client from performing his or her compulsive acts
75
CBT Techniques: modeling
A process of learning in which a person observes and then imitates others. Also, a therapy approach based on the same principle.
76
CBT Techniques: social skills training
A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors
77
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing)
structured form of psychotherapy used to help patients with PTSD and other trauma related issues resolve upsetting memories and reduce distress
78
Biofeedback
a technique that helps individuals gain control over involuntary bodily functions, such as heart rate, muscle tension and skin temperature
79
Agoraphobia
An anxiety disorder in which a person is afraid to be in public situations from which escape might be difficult or help unavailable
80
Norepinephrine
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder
81
Serotonin
a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive compulsive disorder and eating disorders
82
Anxiety sensitivity
A tendency to focus on ones bodily sensations, assess them illogically, and nterpret them as harmful
83
Obsession
A persistent thought, idea, impulse, or image that is experienced repeatedly, feels intrusie, and causes anxiety
84
Compulsion
A repititve and rigid behavior or mental act that a person feels driven to perform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
85
Autonomic nervous system
The network of nerve fibers that connect the central nervous system to all the other organs of the body
86
Endocrine system
The system of glands location throughout the body that help control important activites such as growth and sexual activity
87
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway
One route by which the brain and body produce arousal and fear
88
Cortisol
steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, located on the top of the kidneys
89
Type of conversion disorder: glove anthesia
rare to affect the whole hand, no nerves going to the hand, loss of sensation in the hand and forearm
90
Mania
A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
91
Medication: Benzodiazepines
Family drug that contains alprazolam (xanax), lorazepam (ativan) and diazepam (valium) that provides relief to anxiety
92
Medication: MAO inhibitors
an antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase
93
Medications: Tricyclics
an antidepressant drug such as impramine that has three rings in its molecular structure
94
Medications: SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
class of medications used to treat mental health conditions increase levels of serotonin in the brain - prozac - zoloft - paxil - celexa
95
Medication: Lithium
A metallic element that occurs in nature as mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorder
96
Medication: depakote
Used to treat seizure disorders, certain psychiatric conditions and prevent migrains
97
Learned helplessness
the perception based on past experiences that one has no control over one's reinforcements
98
Anaclitic depression
type of depression that develops in individuals who have experienced early separation or loss of a primary caregiver
99
Light therapy
exposure to bright light either through a light box or outdoor activity
100
Parasuicide
A suicide attempt that does not result in death
101
Freud
Psychodynamic Models
102
Aaron Beck - Cognitive Therapy
helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders
103
Carl Roger’s - client centered therapy, self actualization
humanistic approach to psychotherapy emphasizes the client's autonomy, self-actualization, and the therapeutic relationship as a key factor in growth and change
104
Emil Kraeplin - very early - described psychiatric illnesses
compendium der Psychiatrie : laid the foundation for modern psychiatric diagnosis and classification
105
DID - Eve
Based on a true story
106
DID - Sybil
DID was innacurate
107
DID - Harry Harlow
- separating infant monkeys from their bio mothers and raising them with artificial mothers - investigated social development, and the important of early relationships

Abnormal Psychology (1 decks)

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