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midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is biomaterials science?

A

The study of the physical and chemical interactions between materials and the biological environment.

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2
Q

In what applications are biomaterials commonly used?

A

Biomaterials are commonly used as prostheses in surgeries or in other applications such as drug delivery.

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3
Q

How old is the field of biomaterials science and who does it involve?

A

The field of biomaterials science is relatively young (~70 years old) and involves the interdisciplinary work of scientists, engineers, surgeons, and biologists.

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4
Q

What are common examples of biomaterial devices?

A

Common examples of biomaterial devices include: artificial hip implants, contact lenses, vascular grafts, pacemakers, dental implants, heart-lung machines.

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5
Q

What is the typical path a biomaterial takes from research to commercialization?

A

The typical path a biomaterial takes from research to commercialization includes: 1. A researcher discovers a biomaterial. 2. An engineer develops a medical device from the newly discovered biomaterial. 3. Preclinical and clinical testing begins to strengthen its chance of regulatory approval. 4. After regulatory approval, the biomaterial is commercialized and is used for practical clinical applications.

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6
Q

Who is Sir Harold Ridley?

A

An ophthalmologist in the 1940s who invented intraocular lenses to cure cataracts using PMMA.

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7
Q

Who is Sir John Charnley?

A

A surgeon in the 1950s who invented hip-joint prostheses using Teflon and PE.

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8
Q

Who is Dr. Willem Kolff?

A

A physician in the 1950s - 1960s who invented both the artificial kidney (with Dr. Belding Scribner) and the artificial heart in 1957 (with Dr. Michael Debakey in 1966).

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9
Q

Who is Per-Ingvar Branemark?

A

A physician who invented dental implants in 1952 made of titanium.

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10
Q

Who are Thomas Cronin & Frank Gerow?

A

Two physicians in the 1960s who invented breast implants made of silicone.

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11
Q

Who is Arthur Voorhees?

A

A surgical intern in the 1950s who invented vascular grafts made from sink handkerchief and parachute fabric.

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12
Q

Who invented stents made of stainless steel?

A

Dr. Julio Palmaz, a surgeon in 1978, invented stents made of stainless steel to cure coronary artery occlusion.

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13
Q

Who invented the pacemaker?

A

John Hopps and Earl Bakken, two engineers in the 1950s, invented the pacemaker and the first transistorized pacemaker.

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14
Q

What is the value of the medical device market in the U.S.A.?

A

The medical device market in the U.S.A. is worth $286 billion.

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15
Q

What is a biomaterial?

A

A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device intended to interact with biological systems.

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16
Q

What is biocompatibility?

A

Biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application.

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17
Q

What does ‘in vivo’ mean?

A

‘In vivo’ refers to a material evaluated in a living animal; it means ‘in life’.

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18
Q

What does ‘in vitro’ mean?

A

‘In vitro’ refers to a material evaluated in a cell culture; it means ‘in glass’.

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19
Q

What are the two categories of biomaterials?

A

Biomaterials are either made of either synthetic or natural materials.

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20
Q

What types of materials are used as biomaterials?

A

The materials used as biomaterials include polymers, metals/alloys, ceramics, glasses, and composite materials.

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21
Q

What physical forms can a biomaterial have?

A

A biomaterial can be made in the form of films, coatings, tubes, rods, fibers, microcapsules, devices, and porous materials.

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22
Q

What are key applications of synthetic biomaterials?

A

Key applications of synthetic biomaterials include catheters, stents, pacemakers, heart valves, blood oxygenators, skin substitutes, breast implants, sutures, blood bags, joint replacements, and bone fixation.

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23
Q

What is translational research?

A

Translational research is scientific research that focuses on the translation of new findings into direct applications in patients.

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24
Q

What are major areas of biomaterials research?

A

Biomaterials research encompasses: blood-material compatibility, infection/biofilms, stem cells, tissue engineering, cancer research, cardiovascular/heart, biodegradability, biocompatibility, biomimetics, drug delivery, surface modifications, cell-material interactions.

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25
What are the steps in the materials selection process?
The steps in the materials selection process include: 1. Pick an application to determine the required properties. 2. Identify candidate materials based on required properties. 3. Identify required processing based on required materials.
26
How many orders of magnitude in structure does biomaterials science span?
Biomaterials science spans eight orders of magnitude from individual molecules to individual humans.
27
What is an ionic bond?
A chemical bond between positively charged and negatively charged ions that requires electron transfer and a large difference in electronegativity between ions.
28
What is a covalent bond?
A chemical bond between atoms that requires shared electrons and a comparable electronegativity between atoms.
29
What is a metallic bond?
A chemical bond that arises from a 'sea' of shared valence electrons.
30
What is a van der Waals bond?
A chemical bond that arises from the natural fluctuation of dipoles which induces positive and negative dipoles around an atom.
31
What is a hydrogen bond?
A chemical bond between a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom.
32
What type of chemical bonding is commonly seen in polymeric biomaterials?
Polymeric biomaterials consist of covalent bonding and secondary bonding within a polymer chain.
33
What type of chemical bonding is commonly seen in metallic biomaterials?
Metallic biomaterials consist of metallic bonding.
34
What are bonding properties of ceramics?
Ceramics have high bond energies, high melting temperatures, large Young's modulus, but a small coefficient of linear thermal expansion.
35
What are bonding properties of metals?
Metals have variable bond energy and moderate melting temperature, Young's modulus, and coefficient of thermal expansion.
36
What are bonding properties of polymers?
Polymers have directional properties, small melting temperatures, small Young's modulus, and large coefficient of thermal expansion.
37
What is x-ray diffraction?
A laboratory technique used to determine the crystal structure of biomaterials.
38
How does surface phenomena influence structure-property relationships?
At the surface of a biomaterial, there is a termination of the normal three-dimensional structure of the material, causing a lack of neighbor atoms leading to 'dangling' atoms with higher energy.
39
What are important parameters for surface engineering of biomaterials?
Important parameters include: surface energy (wettability), hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, assembly, charge, roughness, functional groups, receptor sites.
40
What is stress?
A measure of the force per unit area.
41
What is strain?
A measure of deformation.
42
What is shear?
The deformation of a material by axially sliding apart.
43
What is elastic deformation?
A type of material deformation that is reversible.
44
What is plastic deformation?
A type of material deformation that is irreversible.
45
What is Young's modulus?
A measure of the stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of a material; it is the slope of the linear section of a stress-strain diagram.
46
What is yield strength/point?
The value of stress in which a material begins to plastically deform.
47
What is ultimate tensile strength?
The maximum value of stress a material can withstand before breaking.
48
What are the assumptions to use for Poisson's ratio?
The material must be stable, isotropic, and linearly elastic. The derivation has a negative sign because most materials become narrower as axial stress is applied.
49
What is viscoelastic behavior?
A polymeric material's ability to exhibit both time-dependent viscous and elastic characteristics when subjected to stress.
50
What does plastic deformation mean on an atomic level?
At the atomic level, plastic deformation corresponds to the breaking of bonds with original atoms and reforming of bonds with new atoms as a large number of atoms move relative to one another.
51
What is ductility?
The capacity of a material to plastically deform under stress without fracturing.
52
What is resilience?
The capacity of a material to absorb energy when elastically deformed and then to recover the energy upon unloading.
53
What is toughness?
The capacity of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing.
54
How does the size of the plastic zone near a stress concentrator relate to the type of fracture?
The size of the plastic zone near a stress concentrator is directly related to the type of fracture that will occur in the material; the smaller the plastic zone, the more brittle the fracture will be.
55
What is hardness?
The capacity of a material to resist localized plastic deformation (e.g., a small dent or scratch).
56
What is fatigue?
The weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied/cyclic loads.
57
What is the endurance/fatigue limit?
The amplitude/range of cyclic stress that can be applied to a material without causing fatigue failure.
58
How do mechanisms of material strengthening work?
Virtually all material strengthening techniques rely on restricting/hindering dislocation motion to render a material harder and stronger.
59
What is grain size strengthening?
A method of material strengthening in which two grains are oriented in two different planes to create a discontinuity between slip planes from one grain to another.
60
What is solid-solution strengthening?
A method of material strengthening in which impurity atoms go into solid solution that typically impose lattice strains on surrounding host atoms.
61
What is strain hardening?
A method of material strengthening in which a ductile material becomes harder and stronger as it is plastically deformed.
62
What is a metal?
A material composed of metallic elements bonded by metallic bonding.
63
What is an alloy?
A material made of two or more metals.
64
What are the advantages of using alloys compared to metals?
Compared to metals, the material properties of alloys can be fine-tuned to its application's needs such as material strength, corrosion resistance, and flexibility.
65
What are the general material properties of ceramics?
Ceramics have: high hardness, high Young's modulus, high temperature strength, high corrosion resistance, high resistance to wear, moderate electrical conductivity, moderate thermal conductivity, poor thermal expansion, poor ductility, poor density.
66
What are the general material properties of metals?
Metals have: high Young's modulus, high thermal expansion, high ductility, high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high density, poor hardness, poor high temperature strength, poor corrosion resistance, poor resistance to wear.
67
What are the general material properties of polymers?
Polymers have: high thermal expansion, high ductility, poor hardness, poor Young's modulus, poor high temperature strength, poor corrosion resistance, poor resistance to wear, poor electrical conductivity, poor thermal conductivity, poor density.
68
What is a stress-strain test?
A material testing method that deforms a material until fracture by gradually increasing tensile load along the 'long' axis.
69
What data does a stress-strain test create?
A stress-strain test records data in terms of force v. elongation length.
70
In which application of biomaterial science are mechanical properties of great importance?
When designing load-bearing orthopedics and dental implants, the mechanical properties of biomaterials are of great importance.
71
Why are metals preferred when designing biomedical implants?
The high tensile strength of metals compared to ceramics and polymers make them the material of choice for implants.
72
What are important parameters for selecting metals for biomedical devices?
Biocompatibility (material-tissue interactions), mechanical properties (processing method, surface treatments), corrosion resistance, cost.
73
What is stress shielding?
A phenomenon in which a metal has a Young's modulus that is at least seven-times greater than human bones which causes the loss of bone in the vicinity of metal implants.
74
What is corrosion?
The deterioration and removal of a metal by chemical reactions in the physiological environment.
75
What are the conditions of the physiological environment in the human body?
Aqueous solution, pH = 7.4, 37 °C, dissolved gases, electrolytes, cells, proteins, interactive and complex living environment.
76
Why is corrosion an issue with metallic biomaterials?
Corrosion causes the release of metal ions which may reduce the biocompatibility of a material and jeopardize the integrity of the implant.
77
How do oxide surface films protect against corrosion of metallic biomaterials?
An oxide surface film forms on metal implants by oxidation in an acidic solution. Oxide surfaces are ceramic, so they are electrical and thermal insulators. Oxidation helps passivate the metal implant and improves corrosion resistance.
78
What is ceramic?
A material composed of metallic and nonmetallic elements bonded by ionic and covalent bonds in a three-dimensional crystalline structure.
79
What are properties of ceramics?
Strong ionic and covalent bonds, hard and brittle, sensitive to cracks or defects, porous.
80
What is a bioinert biomaterial?
A biomaterial that retains its structure in the body after implantation and does not induce immunologic host reactions.
81
What is a bioactive biomaterial?
A biomaterial that is designed to elicit or modulate biological activities by bonding to living tissue.
82
What is a biodegradable/bioresorbable biomaterial?
A biomaterial that degrades in the body while being replaced by regenerating natural tissue.
83
If a biomaterial is toxic, what happens to the surrounding tissue?
If a biomaterial is toxic, the surrounding tissue dies.
84
If a biomaterial is nontoxic and nearly bioinert, what happens to the surrounding tissue?
If a biomaterial is nontoxic and nearly bioinert, a fibrous tissue of variable thickness forms around the biomaterial.
85
If a biomaterial is nontoxic and biodegradable/bioresorbable, what happens to the surrounding tissue?
If a biomaterial is nontoxic and is biodegradable/bioresorbable, the surrounding tissue replaces the biomaterial.
86
Where do implant material failures originate?
Implant material failures originate at the biomaterial-tissue interface.
87
What are some bioinert ceramics?
Alumina, zirconia, carbons (diamond, pencil lead).
88
What is bioactive glass?
A biomaterial that was one of the first synthetic materials to bond to bone which induces osteogenesis.
89
What is a parameter of bioactive glass that directly impacts bone bonding potential?
The calcium/phosphate ratio directly impacts the capacity for a bioactive glass to bond to bone. A low Ca/P ratio bioactive glass does not bond to bone.
90
What are some biodegradable/bioresorbable ceramics?
Hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, Plaster of Paris.
91
What are characteristics of hydroxyapatite?
Can either be bioactive or biodegradable depending on processing, used for load-free implants, used as a surface coating on metallic orthopedic and dental implants to promote bone fixation.
92
What are challenges associated with biodegradable/bioresorbable materials?
Material strength, resorption rate, degradation products.
93
What are biomaterial applications of ceramics/bioglass?
Implants, eyeglasses, diagnostic instruments, chemical ware, carriers for enzymes, drug delivery, restorative materials in dentistry.
94
What are characteristics of alumina?
Bioinert ceramic, minimal tissue response (very stable in vivo), used as prostheses and surgical devices, low friction surface, low wear, time-dependent decrease in strength in the physiological environment.
95
How does degradation impact the biocompatibility of a ceramic?
Ceramics are susceptible to degradation in the physiological environment. Porous ceramics dissolve more rapidly than solid ceramics of equal mass.
96
What is the value of the global market for medical plastics?
The global market for medical plastics is $2.6 billion.
97
What are non-disposable products in the medical plastics market?
Diagnostic equipment, surgical instruments, prostheses, dental/ophthalmic devices.
98
What are disposable products in the medical plastics market?
Syringes, kits/labware, tubing, blood bags, gloves, catheters.
99
What polymers represent almost 80% of the medical plastics industry?
The polymers: polyvinylchloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) represent almost 80% of the medical plastics industry.
100
Which application of biomedical devices are polymeric biomaterials advantageous for?
Polymeric biomaterials are the material of choice for cardiovascular devices and soft tissues.
101
What are applications of polymeric biomaterials?
Drug delivery systems, tissue engineering scaffolds, vascular grafts, heart valves, contact lenses, catheters, coatings for pharmaceutical tablets, sutures/adhesives.
102
What is a polymer?
A long-chain molecule that consists of a large number of small repeating units.
103
What is a monomer?
A simple molecular compound that can be covalently bonded together to form long molecular chains.
104
What is polymerization?
A chemical reaction in which high-molecular-weight molecules are formed from monomers.
105
What is a polymer backbone?
A long chain of atoms that 'hold' a polymer together.
106
What are pendant groups?
A chain or chemical group that 'hangs off' the polymer backbone.
107
What is a copolymer?
A polymer made from two or more types of repeated units.
108
What is a block copolymer?
A copolymer formed from 'blocks' of chemical groups.
109
What is an alternating copolymer?
A copolymer formed from alternating chemical groups.
110
What is a random copolymer?
A copolymer formed from a random arrangement of chemical groups.
111
What is a graft copolymer?
A copolymer formed in which chemical groups split by branches from one another.
112
What are properties of polymers?
Chemical composition, backbone structure, side chain size, crosslinking, molecular weight, macromolecular structure, poor thermal and electrical conductors, lower strength than metals and ceramics.
113
What is condensation polymerization?
A polymerization reaction in which a part of the monomer molecule (usually water, hydrogen chloride, methanol, or carbon dioxide) is eliminated when a monomer becomes part of the polymer.
114
In a condensation polymerization, does the polymer have the original mass of the monomers?
In a condensation polymerization, the polymer has less mass than the original monomers.
115
What is addition/chain polymerization?
A polymerization reaction in which unsaturated monomers react through the stages of initiation, propagation, and termination.
116
What is an initiator?
A chemical (free radical, ion) that opens the double bond of the monomer which presents initiation sites for continuing polymer growth.
117
What is an inorganic polymer?
A polymer whose backbone is not composed of carbon.
118

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