Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Who worked frequently with Robert Cervero on TOD related topics?
A
Reid Ewing
Ewing also collaborated with Keith Bartholomew on design concepts important for walkability.
2
Q
What is the focus of Robert Cervero’s work?
A
Sustainable transportation policy and planning
He has published numerous papers on Transit Oriented Developments (TODs).
3
Q
What does Transit Oriented Development (TOD) entail?
A
A mixed-use community within an average 2,000-feet walking distance of a transit stop and core commercial area
TODs mix residential, retail, office, open space, and public uses.
4
Q
Who is one of the founders of the Congress of New Urbanism?
A
Peter Calthorpe
He authored ‘The Regional City: Planning for the End of Sprawl’.
5
Q
What is one significant work by Jane Jacobs?
A
‘The Death and Life of Great American Cities’
Jacobs is recognized for her community-led planning approach.
6
Q
What are the 7D variables that describe successful TODs?
A
- Density
- Street network Design
- Land use Diversity
- Distance to transit
- Destination accessibility
- Demographics
- Demand management
The first three were pinned by Robert Cervero.
7
Q
What is induced travel?
A
Demand for travel generated by increased availability of options
For example, increasing highway capacity generates more demand for cars.
8
Q
What does trip generation refer to?
A
Number of trips per day per household generated by different types of built environment
It is generally guided by the Trip Generation Manual (ITE).
9
Q
What is zoning?
A
A planning tool that regulates uses, bulk, and impact fees
It defines permitted, conditional, and prohibited uses.
10
Q
What characterizes Euclidean zoning?
A
Clearly separated single-use zones
It is often associated with single-family zoning and urban sprawl.
11
Q
What are some types of zoning reforms?
A
- Form Based Codes
- TOD zones
- TSA (Transit Station Area)
- Density bonuses
- Inclusionary zoning
- Overlay zones
- Transfer/Purchase of Development Rights
- Reduced parking standards
- Mixed-use zoning
12
Q
What does TSA stand for and what does it entail?
A
Transit Station Area; dense development with reduced parking requirements
It includes mixed uses and mixed incomes.
13
Q
What is the purpose of growth management?
A
To influence how growth occurs within a locality
It seeks to accommodate growth rationally rather than prevent it.
14
Q
What are some growth management measures?
A
- Zoning: form based codes, density bonuses
- Urban Containment Policies
- Tax Increment Financing
- Priority Funding Areas
- Impact fees
- Transfer/Purchase of Development Rights
- Concurrency
- Green Print
15
Q
What does the term ‘smart growth’ refer to?
A
An approach to development that promotes a mix of building types and uses, diverse housing and transportation options, and community engagement
It aims for efficient and sustainable land development.
16
Q
What is the difference between mobility and accessibility?
A
Mobility refers to the ability to move, while accessibility focuses on making it easier to reach destinations
Accessibility can be improved without increasing mobility.
17
Q
What defines sprawl?
A
Low density development characterized by high land consumption and poorly planned, auto-dependent growth
It typically results in long distances between homes, stores, and work.
18
Q
What is compact development?
A
More efficient use of land through higher-density planning
It contrasts with sprawl, leading to reduced vehicle miles traveled (VMT).
19
Q
What is mode share?
A
The percentage of travelers using a particular type of transportation
It reflects the number of trips using each type.
20
Q
What are traditional performance measures used to measure mobility?
A
- Level of Service (LOS)
- Delay
- Volume/capacity
- Travel time
- Average speed
21
Q
What are contemporary performance measures?
A
- Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)
- Trip generation
- Multi-modal share
- Headways
- On-time percentage
22
Q
What is active transportation?
A
Cycling and walking
It is often associated with the concept of a 20-minute city.
23
Q
What is mixed-use development (MXD)?
A
Close proximity of more than two uses, either vertical or horizontal
It is a key component of Smart Growth.
24
Q
What are the 10 principles of the New Urbanism movement?
A
- Walkability
- Connectivity
- Mixed-use and diversity
- Mixed housing
- Quality architecture
- Traditional neighborhood structure
- Increased density
- Green transportation
- Sustainability
- Quality of life
25
What is scenario planning?
Developing multiple scenarios for different projected values of performance measures
## Footnote
It can include factors like land consumption and transit ridership.
26
What are the five operational Urban Design Qualities (UDQs)?
* Imageability
* Enclosure
* Human scale
* Transparency
* Complexity
27
What is poly-centric development?
High-density centers/nodes connected by transit
## Footnote
It includes various types of regional centers.
28
What is the concept of jobs-housing balance?
The ratio of number of jobs to number of households
## Footnote
A balanced ratio allows for efficient use of existing infrastructure.
29
What is FAR in planning and zoning?
Floor Area Ratio; a ratio of total floor space of a building to the lot area
## Footnote
It measures a building's floor area in relation to the size of the lot.
30
What is land banking?
Buying/holding land for future development
## Footnote
It is a strategy to prepare for future urban growth.
31
What are the main transit modes?
* City buses
* Trolleybuses/streetcars
* Trams
* Light rail
* Commuter rail
* Rapid transit
* Ferries
32
What is the Transportation and Land Use Connection (TLC) Program?
A partnership providing technical assistance to local communities for planning growth
## Footnote
It aims to reduce traffic and encourage walking, biking, and transit use.
33
What does infill development refer to?
Developing vacant or under-used parcels within existing urban areas
## Footnote
It focuses on areas that are already largely developed.
34
What is the difference between curvilinear and grid pattern street layouts?
Curvilinear has less connectivity, while grid patterns provide more connectivity
## Footnote
Grid patterns are often associated with traditional urban designs.
35
What is the ratio of jobs to households?
It is the ratio of the number of jobs to the number of households, ensuring balance for full utilization of infrastructure.
36
What does a low job-to-household ratio imply?
It may result in longer commutes.
37
What does FAR stand for?
Floor Area Ratio
38
How is the Floor Area Ratio calculated?
By dividing the total area of the building by the total area of the parcel (building area ÷ lot area).
39
What is a brownfield?
A post-industrial contaminated area that requires cleaning up before redevelopment.
40
What defines brownfield land?
Any previously developed land that is not currently in use and may be potentially contaminated.
41
What does sustainable development focus on?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
42
What are the Transportation Bibles?
1) Highway Capacity Manual, 2) Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, 3) Parking Generation Manual (ITE), 4) Trip Generation Manual (ITE), 5) AASHTO’s Geometric Design of Streets.
43
What does it mean when something is operationalized?
It can be measured.
44
Fill in the blank: The Floor Area Ratio is a measurement of a building's floor area in relation to the size of the _______.
[lot/parcel]
45
True or False: Brownfield land can be used for future development without any cleanup.
False
46
Which goal of land use and transportation planning was once considered most important by nearly every transportation planner?
Auto-mobility
47
Which state was the first to adopt multi-modal measures of mobility?
Florida
48
From Don Appleyard’s book 'Livable Streets', name one characteristic not particularly important to neighborhood residents.
Ability for cars to get around
49
What goal of the Biden Administration is missing from the list of transportation goals?
Equity
50
What is the most common measure of sustainability in regional transportation plans (RTPs)?
VMT
51
Housing affordability is a measure of _______.
Livability
52
What tools do we have to plan for roadway improvements as a result of development?
Traffic Impact Studies, General Plan, Transportation Master Plan
53
A single-family detached home generates approximately how many trips in and out?
9
54
Euclidean Zoning refers to ____________ zoning.
Single Use
55
What type of zoning aimed to limit garment workers and zone out laundries from certain neighborhoods?
Exclusionary Zoning Law, Segregationist Zoning
56
Name 4 typical types of land-use districts in Euclidean zoning.
Single Family Residential, Multi-family Residential Commercial, Industrial
57
The biggest difference between U.S. zoning and land use regulation in European countries is that U.S. zoning excludes commercial uses from residential zones. True or False?
True
58
What skill is most useful to planners according to Salt Lake City Planning Director, Nick Norris?
Clear written communication
59
What are the three types of decisions that are common in a zoning code?
Legislative, Administrative, Judicial
60
Define MPO.
Metropolitan Planning Organization
61
What U.S. city has an absence of zoning and what effect has it had?
Houston, Texas – incompatible uses – many master planned communities
62
Zoning regulates use, bulk, and _________________.
Performance (Parking)
63
What is use?
Activities permitted within a zone
64
Define VMT.
Vehicle Miles Traveled
65
Define LOS and how is it measured?
Level of service – based on delay – A to F
66
The dominant paradigm for regional planning in the United States is now polycentric development connected by multimodal transportation.
True
67
What is one of the greatest challenges in developing new communities?
Securing Financing
68
From Ted Knowlton’s lecture, what characteristic (or key feature) is common between Portland's Metro 2040 Vision, and WFRC’s Wasatch Choice Vision?
Centers, a polycentric region, or "strong downtowns and TOD's"
69
What is internal capture?
Answer: The portion of trips generated by a mixed-use development that begin and end within the development
70
Which one is not one of the 10 principles of new urbanist development?
Connectivity
Sustainability
Decreased Density
Mix of Uses and Diversity
Mixed Housing
Walkability
Quality of Architecture and Urban Design
Traditional Neighborhood Structure
Smart Transportation
Quality of Life
Decreased Density
71
Based on the class lecture, what was the main point of showing the developments in Rancho Santa Margarita, Southern Village, and Baldwin Park?
To show some successful examples of new communities (master planned communities)
72
What defines successful mixed-uses is based on how far people will walk. According to this statement, you should have a _______________ distance to transit to encourage people to walk. If the neighborhood is nice and walkable, up to ______________ still works.
1/4 mile, 1/2 mile
73
What is the definition of TOD according to Robert Cervero (the national expert of TOD)?
TOD is widely defined as compact, mixed-use development near transit facilities with high-quality walking environments, not necessarily at the expense of automobile access.
74
According to the bibles of transportation, implementing transit-oriented development (TOD) can reduce both parking needs and vehicle trips by half. This results in a development that only needs to accommodate half as many vehicle trips. True or False?
True
75
Provide three characteristics of Conventional Development.
Any of these responses: Land uses separated and buffered, housing types separated and buffered, branching curved streets, long blocks, wide streets, building back from street, parking in front, natural open spaces, one unit per lot
76
Provide three characteristics of Traditional Development.
Any of these responses: Land uses mixed seamlessly, housing types mixed seamlessly, gridded straight streets, short blocks, narrow streets, buildings at street, parking on side or rear, formal public spaces, two units per lot with accessory apartments
77
What are the 5 D’s of Compact Development?
Density, Diversity, Design, Distance to Transit, Destination Accessibility
78
What is not one of the 7 criteria for selecting TODs?
Dense and Multistory
Mixed-use (residential and commercial)
Pedestrian Friendly with Public Space
Self-contained parking
Adjacent to transit
Grocery anchor in center
Fully developed or nearly so
Built after transit
Grocery anchor in center
79
Define LUTRAQ
Land Use Transportation Air Quality
80
Define NOAH
Naturally Occurring Affordable Housing
81
Best Land Use Practice #4 is to develop in clusters and ensure that clusters are large. True or False?
False
82
Best Land Use Practice #5 is to place higher density and _____________ near commercial centers, transit lines, and community facilities.
Senior Housing
83
Columbia Maryland and Southern Village are master planned communities that are a good example of what kind of pattern of density?
Step-down density surrounding a village center
84
Transportation Best Practice #1 is to design a street network with multiple connections and relatively direct routes. There should be _____ or higher links to nodes as the standard.
1.4 or better
85
The 4-Step Model does not take into consideration _____________________.
Induced Demand
86
From Molly O’Neill Robinson’s lecture, what is a design guideline that encourages the creation of a walkable space?
The inclusion of frequent doors and windows at the ground level to provide an active pedestrian-oriented street frontage
87
From Mike Brown’s lecture on context-sensitive street design, what vehicle travel lane width is “just right?”
10 ft
88
From Dan Bergenthal’s lecture on livable streets, provide an example of a vertical speed control device.
Options: speed cushion/lump, speed hump, speed table, raised crosswalk
89
What is a road diet?
Road diet means lane reduction. It’s a technique in transportation planning whereby the number of travel lanes and/or effective width of the road is reduced. It is remarkably good in increasing traffic safety since it makes people slow down.
90
_________ refers to the visual richness of a place, which depends on the variety of the physical environment, specifically the numbers and kinds of buildings, architectural diversity and ornamentation, landscape elements, street furniture, signage, and human activity.
Complexity
91
What is context-sensitive design with respect to street design?
Designing the street/road to be consistent with the context of its surroundings and uses
92
In terms of traffic calming toolboxes, non-physical measures are less effective than physical measures, at least in the context of the U.S. True or False?
True
93
Traffic Circle is an example of (choose one):
Horizontal Deflection
Narrowing
Volume Control Measure
Vertical Deflection
Horizontal Deflection
94
Which one is not a quality of Urban Design?
Enclosure
Legibility
Simplicity
Imageability
Linkage
Coherence
Transparency
Human Scale
Simplicity
95
What does traffic calming have to do with coordinating land use and transportation?
Traffic calming allows for the introduction of transportation forms that match the adjacent land use
96
In class, we reviewed Piney Branch Road in Washington, D.C. What was special about this road?
It's context sensitive
97
Name 2 differences between Urban Planning and Urban Design.
Scale :Urban planning is large scale (typical planning unit is neighborhood, activity centers, regions) but urban design has a smaller scale (e.g. a plaza surrounded by buildings, individual streets, etc)
Function/Aesthetic : Planning is functional and agnostic when it comes to aesthetics, but design places a large focus on aesthetics.
2D/3D :The plan view is 2 dimensional, but design is all about the vertical dimension
98
What is at fault for poor roadway design?
The Federal government
Tort Law
AASHTO Green Book
Reliance on Single Typical Sections
Reliance on Single Typical Sections
99
An application of context-sensitive design is to apply a single typical cross section to every roadway regardless of function or context. True or False?
False
100
Ann Forsyth challenged the varying definitions for the forms of ________________, and proposed a framework for distinguishing these definitions to assist with different urban design goals.
Walkability
101
Kevin Lynch, a famous urban planner and urban designer, introduced the concept of imageability in his book, The Image of the City. In a sentence, what is imageability?
The quality of a place that makes it memorable in a positive sense. (Imageability)
102
List three factors that caused the City of Salt Lake to reinstate its traffic calming program?
Good Examples of Traffic Calming; Transportation Advisory Board; Citizen Complaints about speeding; Speed Study showing effectiveness of traffic calming; Supportive Transportation Division Director; Vision Zero initiative; Bond money
103
What stands in the way (potentially) of the Salt Lake City Livable Streets Program?
SB 195
104
What famous planner/citizen activist advocated “eyes on the street” as a means of encouraging walkability and natural surveillance for crime prevention?
Jane Jacobs in the Death and Life of Great American Cities
105
Eyes on the street increases the urban design quality of ___________. This quality also happens to be a good predictor of _______________.
Transparency, Pedestrian Traffic
106
Andres Duany
voted by APA one the most influential planners; one of the founders of Congress of the
New Urbanism (1993); has been instrumental in creating a renewed focus on walkable, mixed-use
neighborhoods, in reaction to the sprawling, car-centric modernist urbanism of the previous decades;
designed the new town of Seaside in Florida, which became an early model for New Urbanism; “Suburban
Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream
107
Keith Bartholomew
Expert in Scenario Planning. part of LUTRAQ team
108
Jan Gehl
Danish architect and urban planner; extensively researched the form and use of public spaces as
well as focused on improving the quality of urban life by re-orienting city design towards the pedestrian
and cyclist; “Cities for People”, “Life between buildings”.
109
Donald Shoup
“The high cost of free parking
110
Compact vs. sprawl
35% difference in VMTs; 25% in VMTs and 15% in CO2
