MIDTERM

Question 1

3 layers of meninges

Answer 1

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

Question 2

Produced in choroid plexuses of the four ventricles

Answer 2

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Question 3

What is the normal value and neonates of adult in CSF?

Answer 3

Normal value - 90-150 ml
Neonates - 10-60 ml

Question 4

CSF flows through subarachnoid space between _________ and _________

Answer 4

Arachnoid and pia mater

Question 5

3 sterile tubes in this order

Answer 5

Chemistry/serology
Microbiology (avoid skin contamination)
Hematology (avoid cells from top)

Question 6

The 6 preservation

Answer 6

Hematology
Refrigerate
Microbiology
Room temperature
Chemistry/Serology
Frozen

Question 7

Blood vessel punctured during tap

Answer 7

Traumatic tap

Question 8

Not precent in a recent traumatic tap.
Indicates older hemorrhage

Answer 8

Xanthochromia

Question 9

Automated cell counters can be used

Answer 9

Neubauer counting chamber

Question 10

Clear specimens count undiluted unless overlapping cells are seen

Answer 10

Total cell count

Question 11

Dilute with 3% acetic acid; methylene blue helps to see cell; undiluted rinse transfer pipette with acetic acid

Answer 11

WBC count

Question 12

Forces cells onto a slide in a monolayer

Answer 12

Cytocentrifuge

Question 13

Increases the cell yield and decreases the cellular distortion

Answer 13

Albumin

Question 14

What is the normal ratio lymphocytes: monocytes in adult and the normal ratio in children?

Answer 14

Adult - 70:30
Children - 30:70

Question 15

Increased amount of normal cells

Answer 15

Pleocytosis

Question 16

Pleocytosis of normal cells is valuable in determining the cause of _________?

Answer 16

Meningitis

Question 17

• Primarily in bacterial meningitis
• Often contain phagocytized bacteria
• Increased early viral, fungal, tubercular, parasitic
• vacuoles may be present

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

-Seen with bone marrow
- Neutrophils with pyknotic nucleii may resemble NRBC’s
- capillary structures and epithelial cells

Answer 18

Nucleated RBC’s

Question 19

• Produced a mechanical barrier to cushion the brain and spinal cord against trauma
• Remove metabolic waste
• Supply nutrients to the nervous system

Answer 19

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 20

Very tight fitting endothelial cells, prevent filtration of large molecules

Answer 20

Blood brain barrier

Question 21

Granulocytes lyse within ___ hour

Answer 21

1 hour

Question 22

Automated instrumentation available

Answer 22

Nephelometry

Question 23

• Presence in CSF indicates demyelination of myeline sheath around axons of neurons
• Monitors the course of multiple sclerosis

Answer 23

Myelin basic protein

Question 24

Plasma glucose approximately

Answer 24

60% - 70%

Question 25

CSF lactate normal value

Answer 25

10-22 mg/dl

Question 26

CSF glutamine normal value

Answer 26

8-18 mg/dl