Midterm

Question 1

What are the 3 classical trade routes?

Answer 1

• Silk Road
• Indian Ocean Trade
• Trans-Saharan Trade

Question 2

This trade route connects China to the Mediterranean. It was a conduit for cultural exchange and intellectual interaction. Religions such as Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam spread along its routes, influencing the spiritual and cultural landscapes of the regions it connected.

Answer 2

Silk Road

Question 3

This trade route stretches from East Africa to Southeast Asia and China. This network linked diverse economies and facilitated the movement of goods such as spices, ivory, textiles, and precious stones. This also relied heavily on monsoon winds, which enabled predictable and efficient navigation.

Answer 3

Indian Ocean Trade

Question 4

This trade route connects North Africa to Sub-Saharan Africa, enabling the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas across the vast desert. Central to this trade were commodities such as gold, salt, and slaves. The trans-Saharan trade was instrumental in spreading Islam into sub-Saharan Africa. Muslim merchants and scholars brought not only goods but also religious teachings, which were embraced by local elites and incorporated into governance and education systems.

Answer 4

Trans-Saharan Trade

Question 5

This spanned from the 16th to 17th century, it was a transformative period in global history that fundamentally reshaped the world’s political, economic, cultural, and demographic landscapes. Driven by a complex mix of motivations—ranging from economic desires to religious ambitions—European expeditions during this era created the conditions for the establishment of global trade networks, the exchange of ideas and goods, and the colonization of distant lands.

Answer 5

Age of Exploration

Question 6

This was signed in 1648, marked a pivotal movement in the history of international relations and the development of the modern state system. The treaty, which concluded the Thirty Years’ War in Europe and the Eighty Years’ War between Spain and the Dutch Republic, was not just an end to military conflicts but also a fundamental restructuring of the political order in Europe.

Answer 6

Treaty of Westphalia

Question 7

This began in the late 18th century in Britain and spread across Europe and North America, marked a profound transformation in human society. It ushered in an era of technological innovation, shifting economies from agrarian and craft-based systems to industrialized, machine-driven production. The revolution profoundly impacted not only manufacturing but also social, economic, and cultural structures.

Answer 7

Industrial Revolution

Question 8

He developed the steam engine in the late 18th century and was one of the most significant technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution.

Answer 8

James Watt

Question 9

He invented the telegraph in the 1830’s that revolutionized communication. The telegraph allowed messages to be transmitted over long distances almost instantaneously through electrical signals. This innovation dramatically reduced the time it took to communicate, making it possible to send messages across continents in a matter of minutes rather than days or weeks.

Answer 9

Samuel Morse

Question 10

This war happened from 1914-1918

Answer 10

World War I

Question 11

This war happened in 1939-1945

Answer 11

World War II

Question 12

This was established in 1920 after World War I, was the first major attempt at creating an international body dedicated to preventing future conflicts and promoting diplomacy.

Answer 12

League of Nations

Question 13

This was founded in 1945 to replace the League of Nations. This was aimed to prevent future conflicts, provide a forum for diplomacy, and foster international cooperation on issues such as human rights, economic development, and humanitarian aid.

Answer 13

United Nations

Question 14

This happened in 1944 and it established the framework for the postwar global economic order. The major result of the conference was the creation of key international financial institutions: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Answer 14

Bretton Woods Conference

Question 15

This was designed to provide loans and financial ass.istance to war-torn countries and developing nations to foster reconstruction and economic growth

Answer 15

World Bank

Question 16

This aimed to stabilize global currency exchange and financial systems.

Answer 16

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Question 17

This aimed to reduce barriers to international trade and promote economic integration.

Answer 17

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Question 18

This spanned from the end of World War II in 1945 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, was one of the most significant geopolitical struggles of the 20th century. It was primarily characterized by the ideological, military, and political rivalry between two superpowers: the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union.

Answer 18

Cold War

Question 19

What are the two ideological and political blocs that was the effect of the Cold War

Answer 19

• Eastern Bloc by the Soviet Union
• Western Bloc by the United States

Question 20

This emerged in the 1950s as a political and diplomatic group committed to promoting independence, peace, and cooperation without being influenced by the Cold War superpowers. Key founding members of this, such as India, Egypt, and Yugoslavia, advocated for neutrality and non-intervention, seeking to avoid the economic and military pressures of both blocs.

Answer 20

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

Question 21

The Non-Aligned Movement’s influence on globalization can be seen in later efforts to address global economic inequalities, such as the ______________ proposed in the 1970s. It sought to reform global economic institutions to give developing countries more control over their economies, promote fair trade, and reduce the dependency on the wealthy capitalist countries.

Answer 21

New International Economic Order (NIEO)

Question 22

This refers to the ongoing process of increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries, cultures, economies, and societies in the modern world. Fueled by rapid advancements in technology, particularly in communication and transportation, the rise of global trade networks, and the spread of ideas, contemporary globalization has transformed how people live, work, and interact across borders.

Answer 22

Contemporary Globalization

Question 23

This involves the removal of governmental restrictions on industries and markets, with the belief that reducing state intervention would encourage competition, efficiency, and innovation.

Answer 23

Deregulation

Question 24

This is another cornerstone of neoliberal policy, refers to the transfer of state-owned assets or industries into private ownership.

Answer 24

Privatization

Question 25

Privatization was accompanied by _______, which opened up previously protected markets to international competition. As a result, many formerly state-controlled economies became more integrated into the global economy, with multinational corporations gaining access to new markets and resources.

Answer 25

Market Liberalization

Question 26

These operate in multiple countries across the world, became central players in the globalization of production, trade, and finance. As countries deregulated their economies and opened up to foreign investment, large corporations were able to expand their reach, establishing subsidiaries, manufacturing plants, and service operations in different regions.

Answer 26

Transnational Corporations

Question 26

It is one of the major consequences of the growth of TNCs. The networks of production, distribution, and consumption that span multiple countries

Answer 26

Global Value Chains (GVCs)

Question 27

It is the process by which local cultures are absorbed into a dominant global culture, often represented by Western ideals, consumer products, and lifestyle choices.

Answer 27

Cultural Homogenization

Question 28

This is where the global exchange of cultural elements leads to new forms of cultural expression. Rather than erasing local cultures, digital connectivity enables individuals and communities to blend and adapt global influences into their own unique cultural contexts.

Answer 28

Cultural Hybridization

Question 29

This is an analytical framework used to understand the dynamics of societies, the relationships between individuals and institutions, and how social change occurs over time.

Answer 29

Social Theory

Question 30

This is a system of ideas, beliefs, and values that shapes how individuals or groups perceive and interpret the world.

Answer 30

Ideology

Question 31

This was developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s, that provides a comprehensive framework for understanding the global economy as a single system of interconnected regions.

Answer 31

World Systems Theory (WST)

Question 32

What are the critiques of World Systems Theory?

Answer 32

- Eurocentrism - Overemphasis on Economic Determinism - Underestimation of Change

Question 33

This emerged in the mid-20th century as a dominant framework for understanding the process of development and the path through which societies evolve from traditional, agrarian structures to modern, industrialized ones. Rooted in the ideas of social evolutionism and inspired by Western ideals of progress, modernization theory posits that there is a linear process of development that all societies must undergo, with the ultimate goal being industrialization, economic growth, and democratic governance.

Answer 33

Modernization Theory

Question 34

What are the critiques of Modernization Theory?

Answer 34

- Ethnocentrism - Failure to Acknowledge Structural Inequalities - Overemphasis on External Aid - Cultural Homogenization

Question 35

This emerged as a critique of Modernization Theory in the late 1950s and 1960s, especially among scholars from Latin America. It offers a critical perspective on the global capitalist system, arguing that the development of some countries (the "core") occurs at the expense of the underdevelopment of others (the "periphery").

Answer 35

Dependency Theory

Question 36

What are the critiques of Dependency Theory?

Answer 36

- Overemphasis on External Factors - Underestimation of Globalization - Limited Pathways for Development

Question 37

This explores the ways in which powerful, dominant nations and cultures impose their values, beliefs, and practices on less powerful nations or groups, often through mechanisms such as media, education, and consumerism.

Answer 37

Cultural Imperialism Theory

Question 38

This was popularized by scholars such as Herbert Schiller in the 1960s and 1970s, who argued that global communication systems, particularly the mass media, played a significant role in disseminating the cultural norms and values of dominant nations, especially the United States.

Answer 38

Cultural Imperialism

Question 39

What are the critiques of Imperialism Theory?

Answer 39

- Overemphasis on Western Domination - Globalization as a Two-Way Process

Question 40

This explores the dynamic processes that extend beyond national boundaries, focusing on how individuals, groups, and organizations maintain connections across multiple nations and cultures.

Answer 40

Transnationalism Theory

Question 41

What are the critiques of Transnational Theory?

Answer 41

- Overemphasis on Global Connectivity - Persistence of the Nation-State

Question 42

This is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital, with goods and services produced for profit in a competitive market.

Answer 42

Capitalism

Question 43

This emerged as a dominant economic and political ideology in the late 20th century, particularly in the wake of the 1970s oil crisis and the economic stagnation that followed. This advocates for the privatization of state-owned enterprises, the deregulation of industries, the reduction of public spending on social services, and the opening up of national economies to international trade and investment.

Answer 43

Neoliberalism

Question 44

This is a political ideology that centers on the concept of the nation as the primary source of identity, loyalty, and political legitimacy. It emphasizes the unity, sovereignty, and self-determination of a people, often framed within the context of a specific geographical territory.

Answer 44

Nationalism

Question 45

This type of nationalism defines the nation primarily by citizenship and legal membership, rather than by ethnicity or culture.

Answer 45

Civic Nationalism

Question 46

This type of nationalism is rooted in the belief that a nation is primarily defined by shared ethnic or cultural characteristics, such as language, religion, or ancestry. It often excludes those who do not share the same ethnic identity and can be a basis for ethnic separatism or ethnic cleansing.

Answer 46

Ethnic Nationalism

Question 47

This type of nationalism links national identity with a specific religion, viewing the nation as the embodiment of religious values and often seeking to align state governance with religious principles.

Answer 47

Religious Nationalism

Question 48

This type of nationalism has been a powerful force in anti-colonial struggles, where colonized peoples used the ideology of nationalism to assert their right to independence and self-determination.

Answer 48

Anti-Colonial Nationalism

Question 49

This type of nationalism advocates for the expansion of a nation’s borders to incorporate territories with shared cultural, ethnic, or historical ties. This form of nationalism often leads to aggressive foreign policies and territorial disputes.

Answer 49

Expansionist Nationalism

Question 50

This is a political, social, and philosophical ideology that emphasizes the preservation, protection, and restoration of the natural environment. Rooted in concerns about the degradation of ecosystems, the depletion of natural resources, and the impact of human activities on the planet, environmentalism advocates for policies and practices aimed at achieving sustainability and fostering a harmonious relationship between humans and the environment.

Answer 50

Environmentalism

Question 51

This advocates for collective ownership or regulation of key industries and wealth redistribution within a capitalist framework.

Answer 51

Socialism

Question 52

This takes the goal further, aiming for a classless, stateless society in which all property is held in common.

Answer 52

Communism

Question 53

This is a broad and multifaceted ideological movement that seeks to understand, challenge, and dismantle gender-based inequalities and to promote the social, political, and economic equality of all genders, particularly advocating for the rights and empowerment of women.

Answer 53

Feminism

Question 54

This wave of feminism emerged in the late 19th century, primarily focused on legal issues, particularly women's suffrage (the right to vote).

Answer 54

First Wave Feminism (Late 19th to Early 20th Century)

Question 55

This wave of feminism expanded the focus of the movement beyond legal issues to include social and cultural concerns such as reproductive rights, workplace discrimination, sexual liberation, and gender roles. This wave was influenced by the civil rights movement, anti-Vietnam War protests, and the broader 1960s counterculture.

Answer 55

Second Wave Feminism (1960s to 1980s)

Question 56

This wave of feminism sought to address the critiques of second-wave feminism by emphasizing diversity and inclusivity. It embraced a more fluid understanding of gender and sexuality, advocating for the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals, people of color, and working-class women.

Answer 56

Third Wave Feminism (1990s to Early 2000s)

Question 57

This wave of feminism is characterized by its use of digital platforms to organize, raise awareness, and mobilize social change. This wave is focused on issues such as sexual harassment, body shaming, workplace inequality, reproductive rights, and gender-based violence. It also centers on the rights of transgender and non-binary individuals.

Answer 57

Fourth Wave of Feminism (2010s to Present

Question 58

This strand of feminism focuses on achieving gender equality through legal reforms and policy changes. It advocates for women’s equal rights in education, employment, and political participation.

Answer 58

Liberal Feminism

Question 59

This strand of feminism views patriarchy as the root cause of women’s oppression and calls for a fundamental restructuring of society. It critiques all forms of hierarchical systems, including capitalism, that perpetuate gender inequality.

Answer 59

Radical Feminism

Question 60

This type of feminism examines the ways in which capitalism intersects with patriarchy to exploit women’s labor, both in the home and in the workforce.

Answer 60

Marxist Feminism

Question 61

This type of feminism is concerned with capitalism, place more emphasis on collective social change and workers' rights, advocating for the transformation of both gender and economic systems.

Answer 61

Socialist Feminism

Question 62

This type of feminism links the oppression of women and the degradation of the environment, arguing that both are rooted in patriarchal domination. This emphasize the interconnection between ecological and feminist struggles, advocating for a sustainable, non-exploitative relationship with nature.

Answer 62

Ecofeminism

Question 63

Who invented the steam locomotive in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution?

Answer 63

George Stephenson