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Speech Disorders GRAD > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Picture #1

A
  • teeth
  • uvula
  • tongue
  • alveolar ridge
  • tonsil
  • maxilla
  • mandible
  • hard palate
  • soft palate
  • pharynx
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2
Q

Picture #2

A
  • nasal cavity
  • oral cavity
  • pharyngeal cavity
  • larynx
  • vocal folds
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3
Q

Prosody

A
  • suprasegmental components of speech

- melody, intonation, rhythm, sing song to make speech interesting

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4
Q

Components of Prosody

A

-vocal quality, tone, rate, pitch, volume, melody

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5
Q

speech definition

A

-an organized set or system of sounds that are used to convey meaning

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6
Q

Articulation and 3 components

A
  • used to describe a person’s speech
  • Respiration: automatic process, breath support achieved through lungs, rib cage, airways, diaphragm, and other structures
  • Resonation: involuntary, altering size and shape of vocal tract
  • Phonation: conscious process, onset and initiation of speech production sets off vfs into vibration through movement of air
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7
Q

Articulators

A
  • tongue (tip, blade, root)
  • teeth
  • lips
  • hard palate
  • soft palate (velum)
  • alveolar ridge
  • nasal, oral and pharyngeal cavities
  • maxilla (upper jaw)
  • mandible (lower jaw)
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8
Q

How do we articulate?

A
  • vocal tract movements (expand and contract)
  • timing
  • accuracy in placement of artics
  • sequencing or direction of movement of artics
  • physical force extended (amnt of force needed)
  • speed of response
  • basic integration of all of these events, a culminating process
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9
Q

Artic Disorder

A
  • any difficulties that occur w. any of processes that result in speech
  • speech sound production problem
  • speech produced incorrectly or inadequately
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10
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A
  • directly related to speech sound production.

- study of how artics work together to produce individ. sounds

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11
Q

Articulatory Phonetics looking at:

A
  1. vf vibration moving (voiced) or not (voiceless)
  2. partial or total obstruction (airway) consonants road block
  3. open vocal tract or less obstructed productions (vowels open highway)
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12
Q

Three categories of Phonetic Production

A
  • place
  • manner
  • voice
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13
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A
  • sound perception of acoustic signal by listener
  • pitch
  • loudness
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14
Q

pitch

A
  • hz

- frequency

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15
Q

loudness

A
  • dbl

- volume

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16
Q

phoneme

A
  • smallest linguistic unit of sound that can signal a difference in meaning
  • boy vs toy
  • cat vs cats
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17
Q

minimal pair

A
  • words that differ in only 1 phonemic value
  • lag vs tag
  • lag vs log
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18
Q

phonetics

A
  • study of sounds emphasizing their description according to their production, transmission, and perceptual features
  • FORM of the sound
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19
Q

phonology

A
  • study of systems and patterns of phonemes w.in a given lang.
  • FUNCTION is key
  • rules that govern sound combination and rules change meaning w.in lang system.
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20
Q

phonological delay

A

-child is picking up on natural changes around them but at slower rate than peers

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21
Q

phonological disorder

A
  • adversely affects function
  • trouble academically
  • speech sounds not approp. for any aged c
  • reflect a more central deficiency and affects:
  • morphology
  • syntax
  • semantics
  • pragmatics
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22
Q

A vowel can function as

A

-a syllable nucleus in some circumstances (button)

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23
Q

monopthongs

A
  • pure vowel

- a, e, o

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24
Q

diphthongs

A

-two vowels combined to form 1 phonemic value (I= a + e)

like = LaIk

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25
Q

-consonants

A
  • produced w. greater constriction
  • place (where)
  • manner (how produced)
  • voice (vibration, vfs moving or not)
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26
Q

semivowel aka..

A
  • sonorant consonant
  • less obstruction of airstream
  • nasals
  • liquids
  • glides
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27
Q

obstruent consonants

A
  • greater amnt of obstruction w.in oral cavity
  • stop
  • fricatives
  • affricates
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28
Q

coarticulation

A
  • pobody’s nerfect
  • result of constant positioning and repositioning of artics as they move over a stretch of speech
  • production of a sound is inflfulenced by other sounds around it due to its phonetic contact
  • jon bovi
  • peanut belly
  • snow flowers
  • framily
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29
Q

assimilation

A

-one sound becomes similar to a neighboring sound
-adaptive artic changes in which consequence of natural articulatory adjustments
-street
-bad boy bab boy
bad girl bag girl
that man thap man

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30
Q

Phonetic transcriptions systems are used to:

A
  • document during assessment phase (speech sound event)

- document speech events descriptive in nature and all symbols represent a defined event

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31
Q

phonetic transcription is the process of:

A

-fine tuning the auditory perception

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32
Q

IPA

A
  • International Phonetic Alphabet
  • documents irregular articulatory event
  • most widely used transcription system in world
  • tells how speech act was executed
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33
Q

Diacritics

A

-narrow or fine pt. transcription markers used to demonstrate various processes

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34
Q

Narrow Transcription markers for:

A
  • dentalization
  • aspiration
  • lateralization
  • velarization
  • palatalization
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35
Q

Fortis

A

marker for more effort made

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36
Q

Lenis

A

marker for less effort made

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37
Q

Diacritical markings

A
  • used to show stress
  • breathiness
  • nasality
  • de-nasality
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • duration
  • primary stress and secondary stress (think of name)
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38
Q

Transcription is only as good as..

A
  • skills of transcriber
  • we not only receive auditory signal, we perceive
  • brain will interpret what it is hearing
39
Q

Phonological processes are categorized as

A
  • named for error occurring
  • descriptive terms
  • describe what is wrong
40
Q

syllable structure phonological processes

A
  • all affect structure of syllable
  • cluster red.
  • weak syllable del.
  • final con. del.
  • reduplication
41
Q

cluster reduction

A

-blends. frog says fog
-take a cluster of 2 and reduce to 1
street=seat
-bl cr tr sm sn

42
Q

weak syllable deletion

A
  • banana=nana

- telephone= tephone

43
Q

final consonant deletion

A
  • do=dog

- delete final consonant

44
Q

reduplication

A

-wawa brabra

45
Q

substitution phonological processes

A
  • sound changes and replaced by alt. sound
  • fronting
  • backing
  • labialization
  • alveolarization
46
Q

fronting

A

-kiss= tiss miss biss

47
Q

backing

A

-no= go or koe

48
Q

labialization

A

bof valentime

49
Q

changes in manner

A
  • stopping
  • deaffrication
  • affrication
  • denasalization
  • gliding
  • vowelizations
50
Q

stopping

A
  • fricatives/affricates replaced by stops
  • sun tun
  • peach peat
  • that dat
51
Q

deaffrication

A
  • affricates replaced by fricatives
  • chop sop
  • chip ship
  • page paze
52
Q

affrication

A
  • fricatives replaced by affricates
  • saw chaw
  • shoe chew
  • sun chun
53
Q

denasalization

A
  • nasals replaced by stops
  • moon bood
  • nice dice
  • man ban
54
Q

gliding

A
  • liquids replaced by glides
  • run wun
  • yellow yewow
  • leaf wif
55
Q

epenthesis

A
  • addition of a phoneme usually schwa

- noah, bulack, galue

56
Q

metathesis

A
  • hopsital aminal

- transposing and shifting neighboring sounds

57
Q

diminuitization

A

-baby talk “ie”
making it childlike
doggie bookie wippie

58
Q

optimality theory

A
  • constraint based approach
  • phonotactics
  • generative phonology expresses as distinctive features
  • natural phonology expressed as phonological processes
59
Q

2 levels of sound presentation

A
  • phonetic level

- phonemic level

60
Q

phonetic level

A
  • actual speech sound that was produced

- form and sound production

61
Q

phonemic level

A

-represented by phonemes and primary emphasis= linguistic function and use

62
Q

form and function=

A
  • meaningful utterances to convey meaning

- basic segments for comm.

63
Q

phonemic inventory

A
  • lists all phonemes occurring in a specific lang system

- we have 45

64
Q

phonotactics

A

-all permissible sound combos w. in a lang sys.

65
Q

distinctive features

A
  • universal properties of speech

- marked by presence or absence of a specific property of the phoneme

66
Q

universal properties

A

-binary system marked by presence + or - absence of a specific feature

67
Q

binary sys

A
  • voicing
  • nasality
  • aspiration
  • palatalization
  • velarization
68
Q

naturalness

A
  • rstln

- simplicity of a sound prod. and high freq of occurrences w.in a lang. sys.

69
Q

markedness

A

-a sound more difficult to produce and found less freq. w. in a lang sys. like hangman

70
Q

generative phonology

A
  • chomsky
  • emphasis on underlying form of lang.
  • the way ppl use lang had to deal w. communicative competency which was tied into cognitive capacity
71
Q

natural phonolgoy

A
  • stampe
  • processes occur in natural order and continuously reuse itself
  • innate universal set of phonological processes that govern c’s lang development
  • chronology of processes
  • orderly development of phon. systems of c.
  • all c born w. capability bc c attempt to immitate adult norm
72
Q

prelinguistic behavior

A
  • all vocalizations prior to true first word

- reduplication mama dada

73
Q

speech sound development

A
  • gradual mastery of speech sound form
  • FORM only
  • always related to production
74
Q

Phonological development

A
  • acquisition of a functional sound system
  • intricately connected to c’s overall growth in lang
  • FORM AND FUNCTION
75
Q

structural vs. functional development of speech mechanism

A
  • certain anatomical structures of oral motor mech. are prereqs for sound production
  • 1st vocal newborn is cry
  • 2nd babbling
  • 3rd babbling will form words
76
Q

need to look at structure and function of:

A
  • respiratory sys
  • resonatory sys
  • phonatory sys
  • articulatory sys
  • bc still growing and learning how to work efficiently
  • about age 7 c’s resp. function immitates adult norm
77
Q

newborn: larynx and vocal tract used primarily for

A

-primary reflexive functioning
-sucking
-swallowing
-crying
-coughing
(reflex)

78
Q

oral and pharyngeal cavities are initially for

A
  • sucking and swallowing actions
  • at birth head is 1/3 size of body
  • eyes same size at birth
79
Q

takes 12 months for these to start to develop to make speech sounds

A
  • lips
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • lungs
  • things develop top/down front/back
80
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A
  • ability of an infant to id a sound as being the same across diff. speakers w. varied pitch
  • can id mamamamama as being the same from diff speakers
  • newborns many times exposed to same patterns/words/phrases over again initially
81
Q

categorical perception

A
  • applies more to older listeners 1-3 yr olds

- listeners perceive speech sounds according to phonemic categories of their native lang

82
Q

child development divided into

A

-preling behavior and ling development

83
Q

linguistic development

A

-starts w. true use of key words in beg after true 1st word

84
Q

Stage 1

A
  • birth- 2 months
  • reflexive crying and vegetative sounds
  • crying
  • coughing
  • grunting
  • burping
  • automatic responses reflecting physical state of infant at that moment
  • by wk 4 mom can start to tell diff btwn cries
85
Q

stage 2

A
  • 2-4 months
  • cooing and laughter
  • sounds/vocalizations produced in a very comfortable state
86
Q

stage 3

A
  • 4-6 months
  • vocal play
  • longer strands of vocalizations and noticeable variation in pitch and loudness
87
Q

stage 4

A
  • 6-10 months
  • canonical babbling
  • reduplicated and nonredup. babbling
  • start to refine their system allows time to start to practice for 1st 50 words
88
Q

reduplicated babbling

A
  • similar strings of cv productions dada mama gigi

- getting syllable structure ready

89
Q

nonreducplicated babbling

A
  • will vary from cv to a new cv babadidigogoomoodada

- capable of any lang sys in world but babbling shifts to culture in bc hearing it and reinforced

90
Q

stage 5

A
  • 10-12 months
  • jargon overlaps w. 1st meaningful words
  • tremendous intonation, rhythm, and pausing
  • sounds like talking increased eye contact, gestures, intonation
  • refining of vocoids
91
Q

vocoids

A

vowel like productions

-not true vowels, schwa, ehh uhh

92
Q

contoids

A

-consonant like productions w.o linguistic function of a consonant
/m/ contoid can mean interesting, agreement, yummy, uncertainty, disagreement

93
Q

Jakobsin Discontinuity Hypothesis

A
  • very distinct separation btwn preling. behavior and ling. development features
  • 2 separate things
  • babbling and pretend phase is random and sooner or later just start talking naturally
94
Q

We know Jakobsin was wrong because..

A
  • we know babbling develops in a systematic pattern and manner
  • consonant sounds babbled are actually only a small segment
  • practicing intonation and melody
  • transitional pd
  • continued flow working toward adult norm, continuous process, not aprubt

Speech Disorders GRAD (2 decks)

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