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BOT 308 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

aDaxial

A

located on the side (of leaf) facing towards the axis

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2
Q

aBaxial

A

located on the side (of leaf) facing away from the axis

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3
Q

accessory buds

A

an embryonic shoot occurring above or to the side of an axillary bud

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4
Q

acropetal

A

produced or becoming differentiated in a succession toward the apex of an organ

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5
Q

amphicribral

A

concentric vascular bundle in which the phloem surrounds the xylem

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6
Q

amphivasal

A

concentric vascular bundle in which the xylem surrounds the phloem

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7
Q

anther

A

the pollen-bearing part of the stamen

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8
Q

anthocyanin

A

a water-soluble, blue, purple, or red flavonoid pigment occurring in the cell sap

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9
Q

anticlinal

A

having the orientation of the cell wall or plane of cell division perpendicular to the nearest surface

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10
Q

apical meristem

A

a group of meristematic cells at the apex of the root or shoot which by cell division produce the precursers of the primary tissues of the root and shoot; may be vegetative, initiating vegetative tissues and organs, or reproductive, initiating reproductive tissues and organs

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11
Q

apoplast

A

the interconnected system of plant cell walls

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12
Q

astrosclereids

A

a branched sclereid

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13
Q

autolysis

A

The destruction of tissues or cells of an organism by the action of substances, such as enzymes, that are produced within the organism

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14
Q

axillary bud

A

forms in the axil of a leaf; i.e. just above the point where the leaf joins the stem

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15
Q

basipetal

A

produced or becoming differentiated in a succession toward the base of an organ

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16
Q

bicollateral

A

a vascular bundle with primary phloem along the inner and outer surfaces of the primary xylem

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17
Q

bordered pit

A

two bordered pits opposite each other in adjacent cell walls

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18
Q

brachysclereids

A

a short, roughly isodiametric sclereid, resembling a parenchyma cell in shape

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19
Q

bract

A

a modified leaf usually subtending a flower or inflorescence

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20
Q

bud scales

A

one of the hard protective sometimes hairy or resinous specialized leaves surrounding the buds of certain plants, such as the rhododendron

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21
Q

bulb scales

A

one of the leaves of a bulb (as of the lily)

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22
Q

bundle cap fibres

A

sclerenchyma or collenchyma appearing in transverse section like a cap on the outer surface of a vascular bundle

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23
Q

C3

A

regular carbon fixation, regular leaf anatomy

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24
Q

C4

A

carbon fixation with 2 CO2 sources, characterized by Kranz (wreath) anatomy of leaf vascular bundles, large bundle sheath cells with chlorophyll preferentially close to vascular tissues

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25
Q

calyx

A

the sepals collectively, which with the corolla comprise the perianth

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26
Q

carotenoids

A

any of various usually yellow to red pigments (as carotenes) found widely in plants and animals and characterized chemically by a long aliphatic polyene chain composed of eight isoprene units

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27
Q

carpels

A

leaf-like organs in angiosperms enclosing one or more ovules; constituent of the gynoecium, the female part of the flower

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28
Q

cataphylls

A

leaves inserted at low levels of the plant or shoot, as bud scales, rhizome scales, and others

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29
Q

cellulose

A

a polysacchardie, beta-1,4-glucan, the main component of cells walls in most plants; consists of long chain-like molecules, the basic units of which are anhydrous glucose residues of the formula C6H10O5

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30
Q

cellulose synthase complex

A

a cluster of cellulose synthase protein

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31
Q

chimera

A

a plant consisting of a combination of tissues of different genetic composition. In a periclinal chimera, cells of different composition are arranged in periclinal layers

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32
Q

chloroplasts

A

a chlorophyll-containing plastid with thylakoids organized into grana, and embedded in a stroma

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33
Q

chromoplasts

A

a plastid containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow and orange carotenoid pigments

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34
Q

cladophyll

A

a flattened stem that is leaf-like and green - used for photosynthesis, normally plants have no or greatly reduced leaves

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35
Q

collateral

A

a bundle with phloem on only one side of the xylem, usually the abaxial side

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36
Q

collenchyma

A

a living, supporting tissue composed of generally elongate cells with unevenly thickened non-lignified primary walls. Common in the peripheral regions of stems and leaves

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37
Q

companion cell

A

a parenchyma cell in the phloem of an angiosperm associated with a sieve tube member and originating jointly with the latter from the same mother cell; some have the structure of a transfer cell

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38
Q

concentric

A

a vascular bundle with either the phloem surrounding the xylem (amphicribral) or the xylem surrounding the phloem (amphivasal)

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39
Q

confocal

A

specific type of fluorescence microscopy in which the excitation source is one or more lasers, and allows the possibility of optical sectioning (where layers of tissue can be omitted or scanned deeper based on the focus of the laser)

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40
Q

corolla

A

a collective term for the petals of a flower

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41
Q

corpus

A

the core in an apical meristem covered by the tunica

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42
Q

critical point

A

point at which a liquid becomes a gas and vice versa, for a given temperature and pressure

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43
Q

cutin

A

a complex fatty substance that impregnates cell walls in some plant tissues including the epidermis and which comprises a layer called the cuticle on the outer surface of cell walls

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44
Q

desmotubule

A

tubule connecting the two endoplasmic reticulum cisternae located at the opposite ends of a plasmodesmata

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45
Q

determinate

A

growth of limited duration such as that of leaves, flowers, and other lateral appendages

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46
Q

dichroic

A

type of mirror that allows light of certain wavelength to be transmitted, while other wavelengths are reflected

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47
Q

dioecious

A

Having the male and female reproductive organs borne on separate individuals of the same species

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48
Q

distal

A

farthest from the point of origin or attachment. often used to mean in the direction of the apical meristem

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49
Q

emission wavelength

A

emitted from the sample after excitation in fluorescence microscopy, usually longer than excitation wavelength

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50
Q

endodermis

A

a specialized, single layer of cells enclosing the vascular regions of roots and some stems, the cells of which are characterized by the presence of Casparian bands in the transverse and radial anticlinal walls

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51
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

a complex, three-dimensional system of membranes forming tubular or flattened compartments (cisternae) that penetrates the cytoplasm. the cisternae appear like paired membranes in sectional profiles. the membranes may be coated with ribosomes (rough ER) or be free, or nearly free, of ribosomes (smooth ER)

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52
Q

epifluorescence

A

standard compound microscope that is able to incorporate filter cubes and a bright light source in its light path

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53
Q

ergastic

A

passive products of a protoplast; storage or waste products which may be synthesized within a protoplast or transported from other cells

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54
Q

eSEM

A

environmental scanning electron microscopy; does not require coating (or even dehydration), but has lower resolution that SEM

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55
Q

etioplasts

A

in plants which are grown in the dark, chlorophyll does not develop in chloroplasts, so they are called etioplasts

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56
Q

excitation wavelength

A

used to excite a sample in fluorescence microscopy

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57
Q

eustele

A

a stele, lacking leaf gaps, in which the primary vascular tissue comprises axial vascular bundles and leaf traces arranged around a pith. Characteristic of gymnosperms and angiosperms

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58
Q

fibre

A

an elongated, usually tapering, thick-walled cell of the primary and/or secondary xylem. the cell may, but does not always, have a living protoplast at maturity; the cell wall is often lignified

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59
Q

filaments

A

a fine, thread-like structure; also the stalk supporting the anther in a stamen

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60
Q

filter cube

A

filter sets (excitation and emission filters) mounted on a cube that also contains a dichroic mirror

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61
Q

fixation

A

dehydration and embedding in a wax or resin medium, for sectioning

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62
Q

fluorochrome

A

fluorescent molecule that is able to absorb light of one wavelength and emit it at a different (longer) wavelength

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63
Q

GFP

A

Green Fluorescent Protein; originally isolated from jellyfish, and can be fused with genes to show protein (and gene expression)

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64
Q

glutaraldehyde

A

commonly used fixative that acts by cross-linking proteins

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65
Q

ground meristem

A

a transitional meristematic tissue, derived from the apical meristem, which gives rise to the ground tissues

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66
Q

gynoecium

A

collective term for the carpels in an angiosperm flower

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67
Q

hemicellulose

A

a polysaccharide more soluble and less ordered than cellulose; a common component of cell walls

68
Q

hydrophyte

A

a plant that requires a large supply of water and may grow partly or entirely submerged in water

69
Q

hypogynous

A

floral condition in which the sepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle below the ovary

70
Q

hypostomatous

A

presence of stomata only on the underside (abaxial) of a leaf

71
Q

indeterminate

A

growth for an indeterminate time, until stopped by other factors (i.e. meristematic growth)

72
Q

intercalary meristem

A

meristematic tissue derived from the apical meristem located some distance from it and often intercalated between tissues that are no longer meristematic

73
Q

interfascicular meristem

A

vascular cambium that differentiated between vascular bundles in the interfascicular parenchyma

74
Q

L1, L2, L3

A

the layers of the apical meristem; L1 and L2 represent the layers of the tunica, while L3 represents the corpus

75
Q

lateral buds

A

develop laterally to the bud primordium

76
Q

leucoplasts

A

a colourless plastid; often a site of starch formation

77
Q

lignin

A

a component of many cell walls which increases their rigidity and resistance to compression; a polymer of high carbon content derived from phenylpropane

78
Q

macrosclereids

A

elongated, rod-like sclereid with unevenly distributed secondary wall thickenings

79
Q

megasporangium

A

a sporangium in which megaspores are produced; the nucellus in the ovule in angiosperms

80
Q

meristem

A

a region of undifferentiated tissue from which, by cell division, new cells are produced

81
Q

mesophyte

A

plants that require an environment containing moderate levels of soil moisture and a moist atmosphere, in contrast to xerophytes which thrive in dry conditions and hydrophytes which often live in water or soil that remains very wet

82
Q

metaxylem

A

part of the primary xylem which differentiates after the protoxylem, and usually after cessation of elongation in associated tissues

83
Q

microfibril

A

a slender strand of cellulose molecules which, with the matrix, are the major components of the cell wall

84
Q

micropyle

A

the opening in the integuments of an ovule of seed plants through which the pollen grains or pollen tubes usually enter

85
Q

microsporangium

A

the sporangium in which microspores are formed; the anther locule and its walls in angiosperms

86
Q

microtome

A

used to section fixed samples (in wax or resin) for microscopy

87
Q

microtubules

A

slender tubes of indeterminate length, usually straight, with a diameter of about 25nm. they are composed of protein subunits (dimers of alpha and beta tubulin) forming a circle of 13 when observed in transverse section. they occur in the periphery of the protoplast, are closely associated with cellulose microfibrils and also make up the meiotic and mitotic spindles and the phragmoplast

88
Q

middle lamella

A

a layer of intercellular material, chiefly pectic substances, which cements together the primary walls of contiguous cells

89
Q

mitochondria

A

a double membrane-bound cell organelle concerned with respiration in eukaryotic cells; the major source of ATP in non-photosynthetic cells

90
Q

monoecious

A

Having unisexual reproductive organs or flowers, with the organs or flowers of both sexes borne on a single plant, as in corn and pines

91
Q

nectaries

A

multicellular glandular structures which secrete nectar, a liquid containing organic substances including sugar. Nectaries occur in flowers (floral nectary) and on vegetative plant parts (extrafloral nectary)

92
Q

opposite

A

pits in tracheary elements disposed in horizontal pairs or in short horizontal rows

93
Q

optical sectioning

A

in confocal microscopy; laser can be directed to scan deep into the tissue, and can be focused so that it illuminates only that section of the tissue - other layers are not similarly illuminated, and are prevented from emitting out-of-focus, background signals

94
Q

osteosclereids

A

a bone-shaped sclereid having a columnar middle part and enlargements at both ends

95
Q

ovary

A

the lower part of a carpel (simple pistil) or of a gynoecium composed of united carpels (compound pistil) containing the ovules, and which will develop into a fruit or part of a fruit

96
Q

ovules

A

structure in a seed plant enclosing the female gametophyte and composed of the nucellus, one or two integuments, and a funiculus (ovular stalk); differentiates into the seed

97
Q

parenchyma

A

living cells in which various physiological and biochemical processes occur, usually thin-walled and of variable size and form. Comprise the ground tissue of plant organs

98
Q

pectin

A

a group of complex carbohydrates, derivatives of polygalacturonic acid, which occur in plant cell walls; major constituents of the middle lamella

99
Q

perfect flower

A

a flower having both carpels and stamens

100
Q

perianth

A

petals and sepals of a flower considered together

101
Q

periclinal

A

having the orientation of cell wall or the plane of cell division parallel with the nearest surface of an organ

102
Q

pericycle

A

the tissue region located between the primary vascular tissues and the endodermis

103
Q

peripheral thickening

A

x

104
Q

peripheral zone

A

x

105
Q

petiole

A

a leaf stalk supporting a blade and attaching to a stem at a node

106
Q

phloem

A

the food-conducting tissue of vascular plants which is composed of sieve elements, various kinds of parenchyma cells, fibers, and sclereids

107
Q

phragmoplast

A

a subcellular structure composed of microtubules that arises between daughter nuclei at telophase and within which the cell plate forms during cell division; appears initially as spindle-shaped, but later spreads laterally in the form of a ring

108
Q

pit

A

a depression in the cell wall where the primary wall is not covered by secondary wall

109
Q

pit field

A

x

110
Q

pith

A

ground tissue in the centre of a stem or root

111
Q

plasmodesmata

A

highly specialized regions of endoplasmic reticulum that extend through cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells

112
Q

plastids

A

an organelle with a double membrane in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotes. may be the site of photosynthesis (chloroplast) or starch storage (amyloplast), or contain yellow or orange pigments (chromoplast)

113
Q

pollen tube

A

a tubular cell extension formed by the germinating pollen grain; carries the male gametes into the ovule

114
Q

primary tissue

A

tissues derived from the apical meristem and the transitional tissue regions, protoderm, ground meristem, and provascular tissue; contrasting with secondary tissues derived from lateral meristems such as the vascular cambium and the phellogen

115
Q

primordium

A

a cell or organ in an early stage of diffrentiation

116
Q

prolamellar bodies

A

composed of tubular membranes with comprise a paracrystalline lattice, and characterize etioplasts

117
Q

prostrate

A

growing flat along the ground

118
Q

protoplast

A

the organized living unit of a single cell excluding the cell wall

119
Q

protostele

A

the simplest type of stele, containing a solid column of vascular tissue, with the phloem peripheral to the xylem

120
Q

protoxylem

A

the first formed cells of the primary xylem in a plant organ

121
Q

provascular

A

the transitional tissue region, partly meristematic, from which the primary vascular tissue differentiates

122
Q

proximal

A

situated near the point of origin or attachment. often used to mean in a direction away from the apical meristem (i.e. toward the base of the plant)

123
Q

pulvinous

A

the swollen base of a petiole or petiolule usually involved in leaf movements and leaf orientation

124
Q

rachis

A

main axis of a compound leaf (also the axis of an influorescence)

125
Q

radial

A

developing symmetrically about a central point

126
Q

receptacle

A

the part of the flower stalk that bears the floral organs

127
Q

residual meristem

A

a meristematic region in the shoot apex, below the apical meristem in some taxa, in which provascular strands develop

128
Q

reticulate

A

pattern of venation in a leaf blade in which the veins form an anastomosing system, the whole resembling a net

129
Q

rib meristem

A

a meristem in which the cells divide perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of an organ and produce a complex of parallel, vertical files of cells; particularly common in ground meristem of organs that are of cylindrical form

130
Q

rosette

A

cluster of leaves with very short internodes that are crowded together, normally on the soil surface but sometimes higher on the stem; also describes a type of cellulose synthase complex

131
Q

S1, S2, S3

A

layers of the secondary cell wall, characterized by varying orientations of microfibrils and thickness

132
Q

SAM

A

shoot apical meristem

133
Q

scalariform

A

in tracheary elements, secondary wall depositions on the primary wall in a ladder-like pattern.

134
Q

schlerenchyma

A

cell of variable form and size having more or less thick, often lignified, secondary walls; belongs to the category of supporting cells and may or may not be devoid of a protoplast at maturity

135
Q

secondary tissue

A

tissues produced by the vascular cambium and phellogen during secondary growth

136
Q

secondary wall

A

the inner layer of the wall deposited upon the primary wall after cell growth (increase in size) has ceased

137
Q

SEM

A

scanning electron microscopy

138
Q

sepals

A

a unit of the calyx, can be photosynthetic

139
Q

sieve cells

A

sieve element that has sieve areas, usually with sieve pores of small diameter, on all walls; there are no end wall sieve plates. typical of gymnosperms and seedless vascular plants

140
Q

sieve plate

A

the part of the cell wall (usually the end walls) of a sieve element bearing one or more highly differentiated sieve areas typical of angiosperms

141
Q

sieve tube member

A

one of a series of cell components of a sieve tube. characterized by sieve plates on the end walls and less highly differentiated lateral sieve areas

142
Q

simple pit

A

a pit in a secondary wall which lacks an overhanging border

143
Q

sporophyte

A

the diploid (2n) phase which produces spores in a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations

144
Q

sputter coating

A

coating of a thin layer of metal (e.g. gold) on samples used for SEM to increase surface conductivity and signal/noise ratio

145
Q

stamens

A

floral organs which produce the phloem and are usually composed of anther and filament. collectively the stamens constitute the androecium

146
Q

starch grains

A

bodies of accumulated starch, an ergastic substance. begin development in amyloplasts, and are composed of concentric layers of starch around a hilum (site of starch synthesis)

147
Q

stigma

A

the region of the carpel, usually at the apex of the style, that serves as a surface upon which the pollen germinates

148
Q

stipules

A

One of the usually small, paired appendages at the base of a leafstalk in certain plants, such as roses and beans

149
Q

Stokes shift

A

the difference between absorption and emission wavelengths

150
Q

striate

A

striped, grooved, or ridged

151
Q

style

A

an extension of the ovary, usually columnar, through which the pollen tube grows

152
Q

suberin

A

fatty substance in the cell walls of cork (phellum) cells and in the casparian band of endodermal and exodermal cells

153
Q

symplast

A

the living protoplasts of all cells in an organism, or a region of an organism, and the plasmodesmata by which they are connected

154
Q

tangential

A

a longitudinal section cut at right angles to a radius of a cylindrical structure such as a stem or root. a tangential section of secondary wood or secondary phloem is cut at right angles to the rays

155
Q

tannins

A

a heterogenous group of phenol derivatives; amorphous, strongly astringent substances widely distributed in plants, and used in tanning, dyeing, and preparation of ink

156
Q

TEM

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy

157
Q

tracheary element

A

a water-conducing cell, tracheid, or vessel member

158
Q

tracheid

A

an elongate tracheary element of the xylem with tapered or rounded ends, and having no perforations, as contrasted with a vessel member; may occur in primary and secondary xylem

159
Q

transfer cells

A

a parenchyma cell with wall ingrowths that increase the surface of the plasmalemma which lines the wall surface. Specialized for short distance, apoplastic transfer of solutes

160
Q

tunica

A

peripheral layer or layers of an apical meristem of a shoot, the cells of which divide anticlinally and thus contribute to the growth in surface of the meristem. forms a mantle over the corpus

161
Q

vessel member

A

a non-living, conducting cell of the xylem characterized by perforations in the contiguous end walls of superposed cells that form a vessel. Vessel members function in the transport of water and minerals through the primary and secondary xylem of angiosperms

162
Q

whorled

A

a collection of three or more leaves or flowers that arise from the same point

163
Q

xerophyte

A

a plant adapted to a dry habitat

164
Q

xylem

A

a complex tissue of parenchyma and tracheary elements that functions in the longitudinal transport of water and minerals. in secondary xylem, rays function in radial transport. the xylem is also a supporting tissue

165
Q

xyloglucan

A

x

166
Q

xylose

A

x

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