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INEN 472 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

(75 cards)

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0
Q

What is the TOME Model?

A

Task
Operator
Machine
Environment

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1
Q

What is Human Factors Engineering?

A

The application of human factors information to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environment for safe, comfortable and effective human use (A. Chapanis)

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2
Q

What are the two gulfs?

A

Execution

Evaluation

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3
Q

What is the SHELL Model?

A

Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware

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4
Q

What is the HIP Model?

A

Human Information Processing Model

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5
Q

Sensory Processing

A

Prolongs representation of stimuli after it is no longer present
No attention required, verdical

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6
Q

Perception

A

What is the stimuli out there?

Uses information in LTM to perceive/recognize what a stimulus is

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7
Q

Attentional Resources

A

Concentration, focus-limited resources

“Search light” to focus on process/tasks at hand, Limited pool of resources, Divided among tasks and stages

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8
Q

Response Execution

A

Process of retrieving & executing commands to physical systems
Time and Effort, & Complicated
Changes the environment, or your place in it.

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9
Q

Wavelength

A

1/frequency

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10
Q

Luminous intensity (flux)

A

Energy of light source (in candlelas or lumens)

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11
Q

illumance (illumation)

A

Amount of energy striking of an object

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12
Q

Luminance

A

Amount of light reflected off an object

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13
Q

Reflectance

A

Reflectance = Luminance/illuminance

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14
Q

Cornea

A

Protective layer becomes yellowish due to aging/natural disease

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15
Q

Pupil

A

Adjust to dark/bright conditions (iris-control of pupil)

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16
Q

Visual Fatigue

A

Due to fatigue of ciliary muscles

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17
Q

Myopia

A

Lens cannot flatten enough to clearly see for objects

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18
Q

Presbyopia

A

Lens cannot round enough to clearly see close objects

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19
Q

Retina

A

Photo receptors: rods & cones

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20
Q

Visual Angle

A

VA = Arctan * L/D

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21
Q

Rods

A

Peripheral vision, not good for detail, much better detecting sensitivity to light (less light to see) no to colors-off centered vision technique

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22
Q

Cones

A

Center (Focused, more detail, detecting motion is OK, lower sensitivity to light, yes to color.

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23
Q

Day Blind Spot

A

Due to the location of optic nerve about 2 degree vertically and 15 degree horizontally away from the fovea.

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24
Off-Centered Vision Techinque
Once a target is detected in the peripheral field of dark adapted vision, aircrews maintain continual surveillance by using the off-center vision techinque. They look 10 degrees above, below or to either to side of the target, viewing it no longer than two to three seconds at each position.
25
Acuity
Ability to discriminate fine detail
26
Sensitivity
Minimum amount of light that can just be detected (threshold)
27
Color Sensitivity
Rods have no ability to discriminate between wavelengths, poor color discrimination rods.
28
What are the 4 goals of Human Factors?
1. Reduction of Errors 2. Increase Productivity 3. Enhance Safety 4. Enhance Comfort
29
Adaption
Ability to "re-adjust" after exposure to light/dark.
30
Contrast Sensitivity (CS)
Ability to detect differences in contrast between two adjacent lighter/darker areas
31
Color Sensation
Appropriate for well illuminated areas.
32
Night Vision
Less CS for all spatial frequencies, poor color discriminablility
33
Accomodation
Brain recieves information from ciliary muscles on amount of acommodation required to focus.
34
Convergence
Inward rotation of eyes
35
Binocular Disparity
Difference/Similarity in images from each eye.
36
Signal Dectection Theory (SDT)
Helps describe operator ability to correctlt detect a target in the presence of noise.
37
Temporary Threshold Shift (TTS)
Loss in hearing (shift in dB) present 2min after the noise has been removed. TTS ⬆️ 4
38
Permanent Threshold Shift (PTS)
After long duration exposures to loud sounds- "occupational deafness"
39
TWA Calculation
TWA = 16.61 x log(D/100) + 90
40
3 Major Sections of the Ear
Outer Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear
41
Outer Ear
Pinnea/auricle & ear canal/meatus; collect/amplify sound waves
42
Middle Ear
Tympanic membrane (eardrum), Malleus (hammer), Incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrup)- last three called ossioles, & oval window
43
Inner Ear
Cochlea (Basilar memberane, Hair cells)
44
Frequency
Single, small set, or band
45
Masking
Sounds covered by other sounds; sounds are masked more by sounds with a certain frequency band surrounding the masked sound
46
Alarms
Omnidirectional: do not rely on orientation of operator
47
Tactile
Sense of touch-provides information to brain regarding pressure/pain/temperature/shape
48
Proprioception
Tells us what position our limbs are in.
49
Kinesthesis
Tells us about the motion of our body.
50
Vestibular
Sense-primary sense organs: semicircular canals, vestibular sacs.
51
Psychophysics
A study of relationship between stimuli and sensation/perception
52
Just Noticeable Difference
Smallest noticeable change to the human in sensation/perception
53
Absolute Threshold
Smallest amount of stimuli that can be detected, or minimum stimulation necessary to detect a particular stimulus (light, sound, pressure, taste, odor) 50% of the time.
54
Difference Threshold (DL)
Amount of change in the stimuli that causes the JND.
55
Two Distinctive Memory
Working Memory | Long-term Memory
56
Working Memory
What you are working on now | Lasts witn "rehearse"
57
Long-term Memory
Storage of information for retrieval at a later time | Used to "help on" recognizing information in WM
58
WM Bottlenecks
Limited amount of information that can be held at one time. Issues with selective attention; Keeps info active while we "work on it"
59
2 Types of Storage areas in WM
Visuospatial | Phonological
60
Ability to maintain information in WM is limited by?
Capacity & Time
61
Miller's Magic Number
7±2 chucks of information
62
3 stages of HIP Model
Perceptual Cognitive Action
63
Perceptual Stage
Information in from sense, compared to information in memory to provide meaning (perception)
64
Cognitive Stage
Central Processing, new information compared with current goals; transform the information to make inferences, solve problems, consider responses
65
Action Stage
Brain selects response and sends signal to body for action.
66
Bottom-up Process
Objects are built up from most basic level before recognition occurs-feature analysis
67
Top-down Process
Use if context to drive object recognition; expectation & context driven stimuli recognition
68
What are the 3 types of attention?
Selective Focused Divided Attention
69
Selective Attention
Attention is required across several information channels during task performance
70
Focused Attention
Attention is required on a single information channel, while ignoring others.
71
Divided Attention
Attention must be allocated to more than one task at a time
72
Bottleneck Theory (Broadbent, 1957)
Concerned with the location of the fliter that controls what information gets in for futher information processing; does not account for ability to perform more than one task at a time.
73
Capacity Theory (Kahneman, 1973)
Assumes limited pool of attention resources; pool is undifferentiated (all tasks drawn from the same pool); ability to perform a simultaneous tasks is related to the capacity of available attention resources.
74
Allocation Policy
Determines how resources are divided between tasks; enduring disposition (involuntary attention), & momentary intentions (voluntary attention)

INEN 472 (2 decks)

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