Midterm Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
What are the three factors that fisheries management is composed of?
A
Fish, managers, fisheries science
2
Q
The fish in a fisheries must include what?
A
- aquatic plants
- all the invertebrates harvested
- marine mammals
- non-target species (by-catch)
3
Q
name some factors that contribute to different management approaches?
A
- are the fish territorial and only exist in discrete patches?
- do the fish exist in patches, but interact with other patches?
- are the fish pelagic and have a more uniform distribution?
4
Q
define a stock or population
A
an interbreeding group of organism that do not interact extensively with other populations of the same species
5
Q
because stocks and species cannot be manage in isolation, what approach must be applied to fish management?
A
multispecies. target many diff. spp. or the many spp. that are taken as bycatch in a fishery and often discarded at sea
6
Q
who actually manages the fishery, who do they answer to?
A
- federal minister of fish and ocean
- senior bureaucrats (deputy ministers)
- stakeholders in fisheries
7
Q
who are stockholders?
A
- commercial fishers
- aboriginal fishers
- recreational fishers
- eco-tourism operators
- ENGOs
8
Q
What political group belongs to sport fishers?
A
Sport Fishing Advisory Board- advises DFO of concerns of the recreational fishers
9
Q
MCC
A
marine conservation caucus -Canadian parks and wilderness society -david Suzuki foundation -living oceans society -pacific stream keepers federation -raincoast conservation foundation -Skeena wild conservation trust -steelhead society of Canada -watershed watch salmon society world wildlife fund of canada
10
Q
Huxley and Lankester
A
Huxley: argued that the regulations posed on British fisheries had no scientific basis, and that the great fercundity of fishes implied inexhaustible fisheries
Lankester: the many young produced are not superfluous, but had a definite place in the complex interactions of the living beings in the area
11
Q
what was the result of the Huxley/Lankester debate?
A
ICES: international council for the exploration of the sea. 1902
12
Q
what two sources do fisheries data come from? what are they? which is most dependable?
A
- fisheries dependant: least dependable, due to fishing power between vessels, gear types, skippers, tech creep, movement of fish, iuu fishing
- fisheries independent: most reliable, most expensive, collected by scientist and technicians.
13
Q
what are the four areas of information that are needed to manage fish stocks?
A
- abundance
- recruitment
- mortality
- growth rates
14
Q
what did FAO produce in the 1950’s
A
Yearbook of Fisheries Statistics
15
Q
How much fish does Canada reportedly produce per year in the marine fisheries?
A
slightly more than one million metric tonnes of fisheries products
16
Q
Name how much Canada produces for:
- Marine fishes
- Marine Crustaceans
A
- Marine fishes: 450,000 metric tonnes
- Marine Crust: 330,000 metric tonnes
17
Q
what accounts for Canada’s marine mammal harvest?
A
harbor seals from newfoundland spring eal hunt
18
Q
what species is mostly Canada’s crustacean harvest?
A
queen/snow crab and lobsters. (east coast) and northern prawns (east coast)
19
Q
most important Canadian species harvested by hand?
by dredge?
A
hand: surf clam
dredge: American scallops
20
Q
what are the two most important groups of fish harvested in Canada?
A
- herring/anchovies
- cod/hake/haddock
21
Q
what are the most important fisheries in Canada in terms of volume?
A
ground fish
- flatfish
- gadoid fish (most important)
22
Q
Alaskan Pollock fishery is the __________ largest in the world
A
second.
2,650,000 metric tonnes
23
Q
high value ground fish include
A
- atl halibut
- Greenland halibut
- pacific halibut
- taken in deep water trawls, fixed gear (longlines)
24
Q
why are pacific halibut the center of a controversy?
A
DFO allocated 88% of the Canadian TAC to commercial fishermen, and 12% to recreational anglers. Now the recreational exceed the 12% and want more of their fish. Sport fishermen argue that fish are common property and have no right giving their fish to commercial fishermen.
25
Current world catch is approximately how much?
| How big is that visually?
100,000,000 metric tonnes
| -10km football fields cubed
26
World seafood production is how much?
150,000,000 metric tonnes
27
Asia has the largest production for a continental area at how many metric tonnes? what predominant groups?
70-80 million metric tonnes
| marine plants, marine fishes, mollusks
28
The Americas are the second largest fish producers with how many millions of metric tonnes a year? What are their predominant groups?
20-25
| crustaceans, marine fishes, mollusks
29
What is the third largest continental production of fish? how many?
European, 12-15 million metric tonnes
30
Where does Canada rank in the global production when aquaculture is included?
18-20th
31
Canada ranked at what number globally when considering dollar value of exports?
6th, with $4.2 billion dollars
32
Top 5 countries harvesting fish
```
China 30-35million metric tonnes
Peru
Indo
Japan
Chile
```
33
Scientific Name for Peruvian Anchovetta
Engraulis ringens
34
What are the five largest commercial fisheries in the world?
- Peruvian Anchovetta
- Alaskan Walleye Pollock
- Atlantic Herring
- Skipjack Tuna
- Chub Mackerel
35
In what sort of environment to Peruvian Anchovetta exist? Why is this so important?
They occur of the coast of Peru in an area of intense upwelling which brings nutrient rich deep water to the surface creating an incredibly productive fishing ground.
36
How are Peruvian Anchovetta fished?
Using purse seines.
37
Why are Peruvian Anchovetta important commercially?
Peru is the single largest supplier of fish meal to the agriculture industry
38
Scientific name for Alaskan Walleye Pollock
Theragera chalcogramma
39
Where do Alaskan Pollock primarily occur, what are their size parameters
- Inshore waters, diurnall migraton, continental shelf to continental slope @ ~300m
- max 91cm, 4kg, 15years. mature at 35cm&3yrs
40
what kind of spawners are Pollock? Feeders?
batch
| opportunistic (planktonic crustaceans)
41
Current use of Pollock?
Surimi or artificial crab meat
| roe to japan66
42
main countries harvesting pollock
```
china
japan
korea
Poland
Russia
usa
```
43
what is the annual catch of Pollock, where are they caught, what is their by-catch like
2.5-3million metric tonnes
mid-water trawls
limited bycatch
44
what is pollocks recovery like?
fairly good, able to recover fairly quickly. not considered over-exploited
45
What is the global annual harvest for Atlantic Herring?
2.5 million metric tonnes
46
Where/how are herring caught?
seine and trawl offshore and in weirs and gill nets inshore
47
what are herring used for commercially?
roe production, bait, human consumption, fish meal
48
What is the largest herring caught?
45cm, 1kg, 22 years
maturity at 17-20cm.
average size is 30cm
49
when do herring spawn?
both spring and fall spawners. deposit adhesive eggs on the ocean bottom substrate in up to 50m of water, different from Pacific herring
50
What do herring primarily eat?
Plankton, Copepoda, chaetognaths
51
How are herein stocks managed?
The eastern and western sides of the Atlantic appear to be separate, so are managed separately
52
How much herring does Canada harvest?
Around 140k mt
53
What country is the largest harvester for herring?
Norway. >million
54
Scientific name for skipjack tuna
Katsuwonus pelamis
55
Skipjack is the worlds -— largest fishery
Fourth
56
Skipjack average size and weight
70-80kg
57
Where do skipjack live int the ocean, what do they eat?
Opportunistic feeders that live in the upper water column and feed on fish, squid, crustaceans
58
When is the spawning season for skipjack?
Year round, batch spawners
59
Name 2 management organizations for skipjack
Western and central pacific fisheries comission
Intl commission for the conservation of atl tunas
Inter American tropical tuna commission
Indian Ocean tuna
commission
60
What is the purpose if the tuna management commissions?
Stock assessments
Recommendations
Allocations
61
Six largest tuna catching nations?
Indo, Philippines, Korea, New Guinea, Taiwan, Ecuador
62
What act was instituted for the pritection of dolphins from tuna fishing methods?
Marine mammals act
63
What is he fifth largest fishery in the world?
Chub mackerel
64
Average size of chub mackerel, where are they found in the ocean?
0.5kg. 30cm, coastal pelagic
65
At what age do c.mackerel mature?
1 year
66
What kin of spawners are c.mackerel?
Batch
67
What do c.mackerel prey on?
Macro zooplankton and small fish and squid.
68
C.mackerel can be found in mixed species schools with what sort if fish?
Bonitos, jack mackerels, sardines
69
What is the commercial importance of c.mackerel?
Human food, fish meal, oil, bait
70
What is the worlds sixth largest fishery?
Chilean jack mackerel
71
What countries fish the most for c.j. Mack?
Chile, Peru, china
72
Are the Cj Mack's managed?
Not on the high seas, but management organizations have started to think about it
73
what do herring primarily eat?
plankton, copepods, chatognaths
74
how are the herring stocks managed?
the eastern and western sides of the Atlantic appear to be separate and are managed separately.
75
how much herring does Canada harvest?
~140k mt
76
What country is the largest harvester for herring?
Norway. >1million
77
Scientific name for skipjack tuna
Katsuwonus pelamis
78
skipjack is the world's ________ largest fishery
fourth
79
skipjack average size and weight
~max at ~110cm, 35kg
| average ~70-80, mature at ~40cm
80
where do skipjack live in the ocean, what type of feeders, on what
live in the upper water column, feed opportunistically on fish, squid, crustaceans
81
when is the spawning season for skipjack?
year round. batch spawners
82
Name 2 management organizations for skipjack
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
Int'l Commission for the Conservation of ATL tunas
Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
83
What is the purpose of the tuna management commissions?
- stock assessments
- recommendations
- allocation
84
Six largest skipjack catchers?
- indo
- philipines
- korea
- new guinea
- Taiwan
- equador
85
what act was instituted for the protection of dolphins by tuna-fishing methods?
Marine Mammals Act
86
What is the fifth largest fishery?
Chub mackerel
87
where do c. macks live? what kind of spawners?
they are coastal pelagic, batch spawners
88
c. macks live in mixed species schools, with which other species?
bonitos, sardines, jack macks
89
what is the commercial value of cmacks?
human food, fish meal, oil, bait
90
which countries catch the most cmacks?
china, japan
91
what is the sixth largest fishery?
Chilean jack macks
92
when did the cj mack fishery develop?
1970s
93
how are cj macks fished?
purse seines, mid water trawl
94
what is the cj mack management like?
not managed on the high seas, but peru, chile, new Zealand, and Australia manage them within the EEZs
95
what is the commercial value of cj macks?
human food, fish meal, marine oil (mostly fish meal)
96
Name the category designation for the following fisheries (fish licenses):
- Salmon (gillnet, troll, seine)
- Salmon (Northenr Native Fishing Corporation Licenses)
- Salmon (first nations communal license)
- Roe Herring Gill net
- Roe Herring Gill Net (First Nations)
- Halibut long line
- Halibut long line (first nations)
- Salmon (gillnet etc.) : A
- Salmon (Northern native etc.): N
- Salmon (first Nations): FG, FT, FS
- Roe Herring Gill: HG
- Roe herring Gill (first N): FH
- Hali Long line: L
- Hali Long line (first N): FL
97
Name the category designation for the following fisheries (fish licenses):
- Geoduck
- Sablefish
- Shrimp trawl
- Groundfish trawl
- Geoduck: G
- Sablefish: K
- Shrimp trawl: S
- Groundfish trawl: T
98
Describe a communal license for first nations
a communal license is issued to individual first nations bands and tribal councils, NOT individuals. The licenses cannot be transferred to individuals outside the first nations or between first nations
99
How were communal licenses acquired?
they were acquired by DFO under allocation transfer program.
100
what is the Allocation Transfer Program? *****
the objective is to provide first nations with fishing opportunities ahead of treaty settlements and will become a part of the settlement once achieved.
101
NNFC
northern native fishing corporation . created in 1982, leases licenses to first nations fishers on an annual basis.
102
ITQ vs IVQ ***
Individual transferable quota vs Individual vessel quota
103
pro/cons to ITQ
pro: fishers assured access to their ITQ and do not have to compete.
-choose the time they fish
-sell fresh fish instead of frozen
-no market flooding
-safer
con: TAC belongs to Canadian, not fishers
-no requirement that ITQ fishers fish their quota
(sell, fish, lease)
-does not guarantee x lb of fish
-companies can hold a monopoly
-causes highgrading
104
what type of fish would be an ITQ species?
```
Geoduck
Sablefish
Halibut
Sea Urchin
Sea Cucumber
Groundfish trawl
some salmon
groundfish longline
roe on kelp
herring food and bait
```
105
what type of fish would be an IVQ species?
```
Most salmon
herring (roe)
shrimp trap
schedule II fish
crab
euphasid
rock fish
```
106
What are some factors you would keeping in mind when comparing the fisheries data between countries such as the USA and Vanuatu?
Levels of sophistication.
- number of staff
- levels of education
- ability to collect fisheries dependant and independent data
- complexity of computer networks
- money available to manage fisheries
107
Name the big two data bases for fisheries information
FAO (Food and agriculture organizations)
| FishBase
108
what is the role of fisheries science?
provide advice to fisheries managers on the status of socks and allow decisions to be made on the options available to maintain fish populations in a productive state
109
Name some problems that occur with fisheries models
- processing errors
- measurement errors
- model uncertainty
- questionable assumptions
110
Define Processing Errors (fish model problems)
lack of understanding of biological processes controlling the dynamics of fish populations
111
Name some Measurement Errors (fish model problems)
- weight of fish on a rocky boat
- samples taken in an experimental trawl are actually different age of those caught in proportion to their abundance in the general population?
112
what is a good approach to reduce model uncertainty?
use different models with different approaches and assumptions to make predictions that can be compared.
113
what is one of the most seriously questionable assumptions in population dynamics?
equilibrium
114
Define 'abundance' as used in a fisheries model
some measure of the number of fish in a particular stock, species, or community. Can be the absolute number of fish or more often a relative number.
115
Define 'Mortality Rate' as used in a fisheries model ****
the rate at which fish are lost from the population due to death and has two aspects with several means or units of expression.
116
what is the difference between fishing mortality and natural mortality?
fishing mortality= caused by a fishery and is usually given the symbol F (Instantaneous fishing mortality rate)
Natural mortality= due to natural causes including senescence, disease, predation, starvation, or any death caused in an unfished population
117
Recruitment or Natality Rate ***** define it. good thing to know.
Natality=the rate at which individuals are born into the population and usually would coincide with the time of spawning or yolk sac absorption.
Recruitment=the rate at which fish are entering the fishery and coincides with the time fish have grown to a size that makes them vulnerable to a particular fishing gear. ie: gill net/trawl mesh size
118
Growth Rate: define
| Wy is this important for fish models?
the rate at which fish increase their size and can be expressed in several ways.
-it is necessary to know how large fish are at any particular time to be able to predict the biomass that is available for harvest
119
the difference between absolute abundance and relative abundance
absolute: the actual number of fish in a population or a particular age class at a particular time
relative: a statistic that reflects the changes in a number of fish without an exact count
120
give an example of a fish and a time when absolute abundance estimates can be made
salmon runs up the river, can be counted.
121
Name the five ways of conducting Direct Population Estimates for Anadromous and Sessile Species
- Run tracking at sea along migration routes, use sonar
- In River Hydro acoustic estimates (DIDSON)
- Counting fences/fish ladders
- In river surveys (pole counts, scuba surveys, aerial)
- Dead pitches
122
what is DIDSON and what does it stand for?*****
dual frequency identification sonar. it actually counts fish passing a point in the river to give an absolute abundance estimate
123
name the two methods of population estimate for sessile species
quadrat
| transect
124
aside from giving an estimate of the number of animals, mark and recapture methods can provide what other information for managing a fisheries population?
```
mortality rates
population's geographical range
growth rates of individuals
rate of recruitment
ageing of fish and shellfish
```
125
Name some advantages and disadvantages to external tags
advantages:
-cheap, can be individually marked/numbered
-rapid application w/o anesthesia
-can be used on a wide range of fish sizes
-easily recognized on fish even in the water
-good tag retention depending on the fish species
disadvantages:
-can be hard on small fish
-some species lose tags due to aggression/nipping
-may affect survival if improperly attached
-unreadable w age, sun exposure, abraision
-can affect catchability of fish due to tangling ini gear
126
name some advantages/disadvantages to internal body cavity tags
advantages:
-excellent retention
-little effect on fish health if properly administered
-tag written information does not fade or wear off
-can be made metallic or magnetic to permit easy recovery
disadvantages:
-fish are usually anaesthetized
-more complex tagging operation than external tags
-tags cannot be seen on fish in the water
-fishermen may not find the tag when cleaning fish
127
advantages/disadvantages to
| calcein scale tagging
advantages:
-good for marking small fish
-simple to mark large numbers of fish in a short time
-mark is permanent and can be recovered non lethally
disadvantages:
-cannot be seen on fish while in the water
-requires specialized fluorescent lights for detection
-marks may become obscured when fish grow to a large size
128
mark recapture equation:
N=mc/r
define the values
N= population abundance
m=the number of marked fish released
c=the number of fish caught in the second sample
r= the number of fish recaptured
129
name the four different approaches to the sampling and re-sampling protocols for mark/recapture
- Direct Census (size of sample determined in advance of the field work)
- Inverse Census (number of recaptures is determined in advance)
- Modified inverse sampling
- Sequential sampling
130
Name the six assumptions of Mark Recapture experiments
- marked and unmarked fish have the same mortality rate
- the marked and unmarked fish are equally catchable
- marked fish do not lose their tags
- marked and unmarked fish fix randomly in the population
- there is no recruitment immigration or emigration between samples (closed population)
- all tags are reported
131
what is the difference between Peterson Estimate and Multiple Mark Recapture experiments?
Peterson: one re-sampling event, with all 6 assumptions for Mark Recapture properly assumed.
Multiple Mark Recapture: fish are re-sampled many times, with new fish marked each subsequent sample, and allows relaxation of assumptions about recruitment.
