Midterm 1b

Question 1

How many stores are there for O2

Answer 1

1

Question 2

How many stores are there of CO2

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the 3 stores of CO2

Answer 4

We store more CO2 on Hb

Question 5

What is trans diaphragmatic pressure (Pdi)

Answer 5

Pdi = Pab - Pes
Abdominal pressure - esophageal pressure

Question 6

Carbon dioxide 3 stores

Answer 6

HCO3- = 70%
Hb CO2 = 23%
Dissolved =7%

Question 7

Pneumotaxic area

Answer 7

Switching off inspiration
Decreasing tidal volume

Question 8

Apneustic area

Answer 8

Switching on or beginning inspiration

Question 9

Apneustic area

Answer 9

Switching on or beginning inspiration

Question 10

Respiratory centre or rhythmicity area

Answer 10

2 regions
Dorsal for inspiration
Ventral for expiration

Question 11

What is eupnic breathing

Answer 11

Normal quiet breathing 12 B/min

Question 12

What is FRC

Answer 12

Not a defined value
Forces of rib cage to pop open are equal and opposite to that of forces of the lungs to go inward
Happens at the end of full breath so no forces acting on it
Passive volume of lipung and ribcage

Question 13

What is the duty cycle

Answer 13

TI/TI+TE = TI/TTot

Only 30-40% muscle contraction is occurring of inspiration muscles and is at rest the other 60% as we need relaxation for blood flow to allow oxygen uptake, metabolizing, and remove waste

Question 14

Central chemoreceptors only respond to

Answer 14

CO2 blood levels

Question 15

What time scale are chemoreceptors working at

Answer 15

Minute time scale

Question 16

What do peripheral chemoreceptors respond to

Answer 16

O2 CO2 H+ and blood

Question 17

What is the time scale for peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 17

Breath by breath

Question 18

Cerebral spinal fluid

Answer 18

No RBC
low protein conc
Big buffer
Slightly acidic
Lots of CA
CO2+ h2o = H+ + HCO3-

Question 19

Gloms cells type I

Answer 19

Close to PN
Lots of dopamine
Integrator of all info telling it to PN to determine firing rate

Question 20

Gloms cells type I

Answer 20

Close to PN
Lots of dopamine
Integrator of all info telling it to PN to determine firing rate

Question 21

Gloms cells type II

Answer 21

Very rich blood supply
A-V O2 difference is none
Monitors blood O2 levels then signals to TI which integrates and sends it to the PN

Rapid response to changes in O2
Cells of peripheral chemoreceptors
Responds to all levels of oxygen but mainly responds to profound hypoxia

Question 22

HbA2

Answer 22

2-3% of total adult Hb
Adult Hb
Unknown function
Alpha, delta subunits

Question 23

Wakeful drive

Answer 23

Intrinsic ventilators drive
Occurs at very low CO2 levels
Ventilation independent of CO2 levels

Question 24

Hemoglobin p50

Answer 24

Po2 at which you have 50% saturation of Hb
Constantly changing due to CO2/H+/temp
Describes o2 dissociation curve
Increase p50=decrease o2 affinity for Hb

Question 25

Duty cycle

Answer 25

Time inspiration / time inspiration- expiration Related to respiration Usually range 30-40%

Question 26

J receptors

Answer 26

Juxtapulmonary receptors Sense pulmonary deems Negative feedback to decrease exercise Located in the alveolar interstitium near capillaries Act to decrease respiratory and limb muscle activity

Question 27

Dead space

Answer 27

Air in trachea Does not get involved in gas exchange Generally same as atmosphere air

Question 28

Neuromuscular transmission failure

Answer 28

Failure of or shortage of neurotransmitter signals to tell diaphragm to breathe Only in vitro studies Rarely or never occurs in live human subjects

Question 29

High frequency fatigue

Answer 29

Fatigue due to ion imbalance Reversible in an hour Reduces force production in diaphragm for a short period of time

Question 30

Z-line streaming

Answer 30

In normal muscle = straight or vertical In damaged we see discontinuation them pulled in one direction Evidence of fatigue or injury Ultra structural

Question 31

What is the function of ck in a cell

Answer 31

Transfer the high energy phosphate from atp to creative or ohosphocreatine to add for easier transport

Question 32

Type I phnumocytes

Answer 32

Thin for gas exchange Easily damaged Unable to replicate

Question 33

Type II phnumocytes

Answer 33

Large Can replicate its self and type I Far from capillaries Produces surfactant

Question 34

Ficks law

Answer 34

Vgas is proportional to a/t x D x (P1 - P2)

Question 35

Hyperoxia

Answer 35

Increase o2

Question 36

Hypoxia

Answer 36

Low levels of in o2

Question 37

Function of c-fibres

Answer 37

Constricting airway and mucus secretion