midterm 2

Question 1

earth’s formation led to which two metals in the core

Answer 1

iron and nickel

Question 2

molten matter crystallization is?

Answer 2

a common process in earth’s interior or at its surface, a loss of atom mobility and distinct trend to form more rigid structures.

Question 3

what are the four processes resulting in the formation of minerals

Answer 3

molten matter crystallization
transition from liquid to the solid phase
biological activities of organisms (bacteria) can lead to precipitation.
other structures are formed from pre-existing ones through ion and atom rearrangement.

Question 4

what is a mineral?

Answer 4

a mineral is any naturally formed chemical substance having a definite chemical composition (but not fixed) and a characteristic crystal structure. In nature minerals can have impurities. Humans can make artificial minerals. (Consider as naturally formed substances for course)

Question 5

what are mineraloids?

Answer 5

amorphous naturally occurring substances.

Question 6

an important property of a mineral?

Answer 6

a mineral cannot be broken into different mineral substances using classical methods.

Question 7

what are the 5 mineral properties

Answer 7

colour, lustre, crystal faces/crystal form, twinning, and transparency.

Question 8

sillicates

Answer 8

silicates have silicone oxygen core and are more frequent nonmetallic minerals in the universe.

Question 9

what are the three groups that non-silicates are divided into?

Answer 9

metals, semi metals and non-metals.

Question 10

sulfides

Answer 10

minerals formed by a metallic element and sulphur.

Question 11

sulfosalts

Answer 11

mixed sulphides in which a semimetallic element is present together with a metallic one.

Question 12

oxides

Answer 12

compounds formed from various metallic elements and oxygen and in which the oxygen plays the role of an anion. The oxides occur in a variety of environments, being often encountered in all the three rock families, igneous, metamorphic anf sedimentary. Properties are extremally varied.

Question 13

geode

Answer 13

empty space, certain concentration and temp can begin crystal precipitation.

Question 14

what are the two categories of igneous rocks and describe them.

Answer 14

intrasive - formed inside earths crust

extrasive - formed at the surface of earth, having large sized minerals due to extra time to grow.

Question 15

4 types of igneous rocks according to size

Answer 15

phaneritic - large sized visible minerals, slower process of crystallization.
aphanitic - extrusive, volcanic consists of small sized minerals & fast crystallization. formed through lava.
glassy - indicates the molten material crystallized very rapidly & had no time for crystal compound to arrange themselves (extrusive)
fragmental - consists of pyroclastic material ejected as lava from a volcano and can be igneous and sedimentary.

Question 16

what is a sill ?

Answer 16

molten matter injected horizontally across rocks.

Question 17

what are the two main types of extrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 17

lava flows (aphanitic igneous rocks) and pyroclastic flows (fragmental igneous rocks)

Question 18

vesicular basalts?

Answer 18

bubbles of gas trapped in highly viscous lava.

Question 19

what does. metamorphic mean?

Answer 19

its the idea of how the rocks are transformed and the process, rather than the rock itself.

Question 20

types of metamorphic rock tranformation

Answer 20

regional - mountain range
contact - continental masses way below in magma chambers towards the surface. marbles.
burial - plaines zones of continents. (rocks eroding and waters carrying minerals)

Question 21

difference between ionic and covalent bonds

Answer 21

ionic - weaker which gives minerals with this lower melting points and prone to dissolution.
covalent - stronger bonds, higher melting points, can be dissolved with difficulty.

Question 22

diamond crystal structure

Answer 22

atoms of carbon are in the corners of a tetrahedron, covalently bonded each atom to the other 4. toughest mineral in the world. transported by volcanic eruptions.

Question 23

graphite crystal structure.

Answer 23

planar structure consisting of parrallel layers that contain hexagons defioned by carbon atoms covalent corners. weakest bonds in the mineral world.

Question 24

six crystal systems ?

Answer 24

cubic, tertagonal, hexagonal, orthorhombic, monoclinic, triclinic.

Question 25

who outlined the classification for minerals being chemical compounds.

Answer 25

J.J. Berzelius.

Question 26

what is a halide?

Answer 26

a mineral in which the cation is a metallic element and the anion is a halogen.

Question 27

what are carbonates?

Answer 27

minerals in which the cations consist of one or more metals and the anion is represented ny the radical.

Question 28

six subgroups of sillicates are ?

Answer 28

``` neosilicates inosilicates sorosilicates phyllosilicates tectosilicates cyclosilicates ```

Question 29

how do igneous rocks form?

Answer 29

through the molten matter solidification in the earths interior or at its surface.

Question 30

the rate of heat loss during the process of magma or lava solidification determines what?

Answer 30

the general appearance of an igneous rock.

Question 31

intrusive rocks

Answer 31

form through the magma solidification beneath the Earths surface, slow cooling process, large sized minerals, can be seen with unaided eye. granite is an example.

Question 32

extrusive rocks

Answer 32

form through the lava crystallization at the earths surface through fast cooling. minerals are small and can only be seen under microscopes.

Question 33

two classification of igneous rocks are?

Answer 33

crystallinity (ratio between large-sized minerals and amorphous mass in the composition of an igneous rock) and grain size.

Question 34

the four kinds of igneous rocks recognized are? (pg 47)

Answer 34

felsic rocks intermediate rocks mafic rocks ultramafic rocks

Question 35

intruisve rock textures (3)

Answer 35

granular - consists of minerals which are relatively uniform in size, slow & contiunous magma cooling. porphyritic texture - large sized euhedral and subhedral minerals. developed in ground mass. poikilitic texture - contains smaller minerals enclosed

Question 36

pluton

Answer 36

the term generally used for a body of intrusive rock. the largest plutons are batholiths.

Question 37

concordants vs discordants

Answer 37

concordants are a body of igneous rocks that has boundaries parrallel or almost parrallel to the surrounding rock layering, discordant is if its boundaries cross adjacent rock layering.

Question 38

the 2 groups of extrusive rocks are?

Answer 38

lava flows and pyroclastic rocks.

Question 39

sedimentary rocks definition.

Answer 39

they accumulate at the earths surface from particles of pre-existing weathered & eroded rocks. the majority of sedminetary rocks are formed in sedimentary basins,

Question 40

3 categories of sedimentary rocks

Answer 40

detrital, chemical and biochemical.

Question 41

Clastic rocks

Answer 41

formed through the accumulation of fragments of pre-existing rocks (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) in a sedimentary basin. known as detrital or siliciclatic rocks..

Question 42

four components of clastic rocks are?

Answer 42

clasts, matrix, cement, and pores.

Question 43

what is the basic sedimentary structure and what is the fundamental reults of it?

Answer 43

bedding, and the results are layers which are subdivided function of thickness into beds and laminae.

Question 44

clastic rocks accumulate in three depositional environments

Answer 44

continental, transitional, and marine

Question 45

the most frequent minerals in evaporate rocks are ?

Answer 45

gypsum, anhydrute, and halite.