Midterm 2

Question 1

Carved knucklebones of sheep that were used by ancient Greeks and Romans to play dice games

Answer 1

Astragaloi

Question 2

A game played with dried beans similar to go/chess

Answer 2

Patolli

Question 3

A game played by Coast Salish Peoples in which you have to guess which hand contains bones

Answer 3

Slahal/Lahal

Question 4

A dice game that involves bouncing bark off a tree and betting and rotating useful objects among families - played by the Tanzanian Hodza

Answer 4

Lukuchuko

Question 5

The two requirements for prosocial effects of gambling

Answer 5

Pure chance, no house edge

Question 6

Gambling can exist independently of, and predates ____. It also is not part of _____ ____, as certain countries do not show gambling activity until after European colonization such as ______

Answer 6

money, human nautre, papua new guinea

Question 7

the belief that what goes around comes around; fate

Answer 7

cyclical / nonlinear theory of change

Question 8

expecting no change

Answer 8

linear theory of change

Question 9

_______ are more prone to the ______ fallacy than Chinese-Canadians, while Asians are more prone to the ______ fallacy

Answer 9

Euro-canadians, hot hand, gambler’s

Question 10

Pathological gambling was introduced in the DSM-III in _____

Answer 10

1980

Question 11

In _____, gambling disorder was moved to the _________ category in the DSM-5

Answer 11

2013, substance-related and addictive disorders

Question 12

Showing some symptoms of gambling disorder, but do not meet the threshold for diagnosis

Answer 12

Problem gambling

Question 13

Meeting 4 criteria from the DSM-5, including preoccupation, tolerance, repeated attempts to quit, withdrawal, gambling as a means of escape, loss chasing, lying to conceal involvement, jeopardizing relationships, and borrowing money for gambling debt

Answer 13

Gambling disorder

Question 14

Studies show both _____ and ______ symptoms of withdrawal in gambling disorder

Answer 14

psychological, physical

Question 14

Studies show both _____ and ______ symptoms of withdrawal in gambling disorder

Answer 14

psychological, physical

Question 15

Some criteria of the DSM are too sensitive in that too many non-problem gamblers meet it, such as _______. Others are too insensitive, such as ______. Others, such as ______ are just right, in that there is a noticeable increase in people with the symptom, with diagnosis

Answer 15

loss chasing, illegal acts, withdrawal

Question 16

Similarities with substance use disorders such as _______ hallmarks, _____, shared _______, _____ similarities, and effective ____, justified re-classification of gambling disorder

Answer 16

symptom, genetics/heritability, neuroimaging, treatments

Question 17

A screening test for pathological gambling based on lifetime measures on the DSM-III. A score >5 indicates pathological gambling

Answer 17

South oaks gambling screen

Question 18

A screening test for problem gambling that scores problem gambling as greater than 8 on the test

Answer 18

problem gambling severity index

Question 19

Demographic predictors of gambling problems include being _____, of a _____ age, lower _____, part of _____ groups, and experiencing other _____

Answer 19

male, younger, SES, racialized, mental health problems

Question 20

A survey showed that _____% of people gambled in their lifetime, while _____% of people showed lifetime gambling problems. Most people started to gamble in their ______, but it started younger in people with gambling problems. Thus, gambling disorder can be thought of as a _____ disorder

Answer 20

78, 2.3, mid/late 20s, developmental

Question 21

______ gambling was comorbid with ______, ____ disorders, and ____ disorders

Answer 21

pathological, substance use, anxiety, mood

Question 22

The fact that anxiety and mood disorders often occur before gambling problems

Answer 22

Temporal ordering

Question 23

A twin study revealed that there was a _______% heritability for problem gambling, and an overlap between genetics of problem gambling and _______

Answer 23

40-50, alcohol dependence

Question 24

A sibling study showed that the siblings of people with gambling disorder also showed increased ______, and _______. This indicates that there is an increased ____ for siblings, but it is not expressed

Answer 24

impulsivity, risk taking, vulnerability

Question 25

many adult gamblers report ________, while youth gamblers often report _______ and _____

Answer 25

childhood maltreatment, physical, sexual

Question 26

Parental _______ does not predict pathological gambling in offspring, but parental _____ gambling does (only across sexes)

Answer 26

participation, pathological

Question 27

DA _____ medication for people with PD, especially _____ and ______ , that bind to ____ receptors, often cause _______, as well as ______/_____ problems

Answer 27

agonist, pramipexole, ropinirole, D3, gambling problems, impulse control/reward

Question 28

People with GD show similar levels of ______ in the striatum, but people with GD who are more impulsive show _______ DA binding

Answer 28

DA D2, reduced

Question 29

Gambling is a risk factor, but also reinforces social ______

Answer 29

Inequality

Question 30

Indigenous Canadians have greater participation in high risk forms of gambling such as ____ ____, and _______. They are not more likely to gamble than other Canadians, but are more likely to develop ________ if they do

Answer 30

bingo, instant lotteries, EGM, problems

Question 31

People with gambling problems account for _______ of gambling revenue

Answer 31

20-30

Question 32

Gambling harms are wider than the symptoms of _____, in that there is long term _____ harm, and it affects ____ others close to them

Answer 32

addiction, financial, 6

Question 33

____% of youth aged 12-18 gambled for money despite it being illegal. Other youth links to gambling were _______, and involvement in _____. Gambling problems were present in ____% of youth who gambled

Answer 33

21, employment, sports, 3

Question 34

Youth identifying as ____ showed higher rates of pathological gambling

Answer 34

non-binary

Question 35

People in lower ____ brackets had greater slot machine ______. Slot machine venues were also ____ in neighborhoods of low SES

Answer 35

SES, losses, denser

Question 36

A large bank study found that among people who gambled, gambling was _____% of their monthly spend. This was correlated with missing _____, ______, missing _____, less ____, ____ and _____

Answer 36

0.5, credit card payments, unemployment, mortgage payments, sleep, hobbies, social activities

Question 37

Increased proportion of income spent on gambling correlated with _____ rates, _____, and _____ 5 years later

Answer 37

mortality, unemployment, disability payments

Question 38

In people with pathological gambling, there was reduced ______ and ______ activity to wins - losses, and the signal was weaker with greater gambling ______

Answer 38

striatum, vmPFC, severity

Question 39

People with pathological gambling were found to have a faster reaction to _____ rather than natural rewards, and show only a response in the _____ to monetary rewards

Answer 39

money, striatum

Question 40

The theory that predicted gambling disorder was due to rebellion against authority, or the unconscious desire to lose; recognizes that gambling is not necessarily about winning money

Answer 40

Psychodynamic theory

Question 41

Pathway 1 to gambling, involving ecological factors, conditioning, habit formation, and chasing which leads to problem gambling symptoms - a final common path that could occur in anyone

Answer 41

behaviourally conditioned problem gambling

Question 42

The hypothesis that pathological gamblers experience a big win the first time they gamble, which becomes a powerful conditioning event; reality only kicks in after habit formation

Answer 42

early big win hypothesis

Question 43

entry in path 1 may occur at any ____, and can initially be for ______. Other symptoms such as _____ occur due to gambling

Answer 43

age, entertainment, depression

Question 44

Pathway 2; which involves depression, anxiety, childhood trauma, poor coping, and life stressors, that can increase vulnerability to gambling problems; and use of gambling to relieve aversive states

Answer 44

emotionally vulnerable problem gambling

Question 45

Pathway 3: which consists of impulsivity executive dysfunction, genetic vulnerability, substance use, and antisocial behaviour; usually comes with a wider range of behavioural problems, and commences at an early age, with some problems occurring before PG

Answer 45

antisocial impulsivity problem gambling

Question 46

Testing confirmed the pathways, with ____ being most common, then ____, then _____. However, _____ _____ is still a neglected component of the model

Answer 46

path 1, 2, 3, habit formation

Question 47

_____ schedules yield higher rates of responding than interval schedules, while _____ are highly resistant to extinction

Answer 47

ratio, VR

Question 48

When participants were reinforced on a ______ schedule, there was more ____ in the _____. But this effect was not shown in a _______ schedule

Answer 48

VR, DA, left striatum, FR

Question 49

At peak ____ there is DA response to a -____ and _____ activity

Answer 49

uncertainty, cue, anticipatory

Question 50

The ______ of gambling is reliable, even though the ____ is not, which people are prepared to pay for

Answer 50

excitement, money

Question 51

Increase in physiological arousal was greater if gamblers were in ______, and were using _____ not credits

Answer 51

real life scenarios, real money

Question 52

When people had low ______ emotion, after holding a crocodile, they transferred their positive arousal to the slot machine game and ______

Answer 52

negative, bet more

Question 53

In gamblers there was higher activity in the ____ and ______ to gambling cues over neutral cues. ____ activity was also correlated with ______ intensity

Answer 53

insula, medial PFC, insula, craving

Question 54

People with gambling disorder had higher ______ overall, especially after blocks of _______

Answer 54

craving ratings, gambling images

Question 55

Using audiovisual cues proportionate to the size of the reward, rats ____ preference for the good decks and increase preference for the bad decks

Answer 55

decrease

Question 56

the preference for good over bad decks in rats is also shifted by ______ drugs

Answer 56

DA D3

Question 57

A technique in which gambler plays in natural environment for 5 minutes, and vocalizes all thoughts

Answer 57

think aloud technique

Question 58

______ of gamblers' thoughts were erroneous. This effect was elevated in people with _______, and was correlated with elevated ______

Answer 58

70-90%, gambling disorder, heartrate

Question 59

most people have very poor _____ and _____ into their erroneous thoughts

Answer 59

insight, memory

Question 60

People who play games of chance like dice rolling, believe that certain techniques will lead to certain outcomes; that ____ gives them control

Answer 60

skill

Question 61

When people get to choose their own lottery card over being picked for them, they sell the card at a ____ price; similarly, they bet ___ f they are allowed to throw their own dice or ball

Answer 61

higher, more

Question 62

Another experiment attempted to show that _______ are higher even before they choose, so a choice reflects _______

Answer 62

pre-ratings, pre-existing

Question 63

Specific rituals and behaviours that one believes will increase chances of winning

Answer 63

Illusion of control

Question 64

Belief that losses are bound to be followed by a series of wins

Answer 64

predictive control

Question 65

Relating winnings to skill and ability makes someone continue gambling

Answer 65

interpretive bias

Question 66

the thought that gambling makes thing seem better

Answer 66

gambling expectancies

Question 67

the belief that one is not strong enough to stop gambling

Answer 67

Inability to stop gambling

Question 68

The average estimate of a random sequence is _____, much switchier than an actual random sequence _____

Answer 68

0.6, 0.5

Question 69

People associated low alternating sequences and 0.5 with ______, while they believed high alternating sequences were _____

Answer 69

Basketball, coin tosses

Question 70

When a certain outcome increases in _____, people are less likely to choose that color next, while _____ in one's prediction increases as a function of past ______. oppositely, people's confidence _______ after a streak of ____-

Answer 70

run length, confidence, success, decreases, losse s

Question 71

Experiments show that even though _____ is low, people still bet more after a ____ of losses, demonstrating ________

Answer 71

confidence, run, loss chasing

Question 72

If a person does not _____ themself after a decision, it can make them _____ to further losses, and sensitive to a _____

Answer 72

re-reference, insensitive, win

Question 73

When gamblers are shown their ____, there is loss chance, while if money is _____ moved around, there is less loss chasing

Answer 73

total balance, physically