MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
(166 cards)
1
Q
What was the first form of mass media?
A
Block printing - 700 BCE China
2
Q
Mass media in the 1600’s:
A
newspapers - Halifax Gazette
3
Q
Mass Media in 1843:
A
telegraph - morse code
4
Q
Mass Media in 1880’s:
A
silent film and radio
5
Q
Mass Media in the 1930’s:
A
television
6
Q
what Mass Media development happened in 1967?
A
The internet
7
Q
What are the two types of media effects?
A
Short and long-term
8
Q
What is a short-term media effect?
A
Something passive in the media that does not change daily habits / morals
9
Q
What is a long-term media effect?
A
Media that is prolonged with positive or negative effects. EXAMPLE: seasame street, and violent video games
10
Q
What are the 4 functions of media according to Structural Functionalism?
A
Surveillance of the environment
Correlation of parts of society- ways that information about our world is provided and what behaviours respond to this.
Transmission of social heritage
Entertainment
11
Q
What structural functionalist theorist coined the 4 functions of media?
A
Charles Wright
12
Q
Conflict theory perspective on Mass Media:
A
Challenges the society we have and investigates media in relation to power, equality and change.
13
Q
What does The Political Economy Perspective focus on in reguard to mass media?
A
Ownership, control of the media, globalization
14
Q
Who owns the public media?
A
The government
15
Q
What is the function of public media?
A
Represents population interest
Watch-dog over government decision making
Free access to educational, cultural and social content
16
Q
Who owns the private media?
A
Corporations
17
Q
What is the function of private media?
A
Profit maximization models
Revenue from sales and advertisements
18
Q
Who are the four corporations who own the private media?
A
Bell Canada, Corus Entertainment, Rogers Communications, Quebecor
19
Q
What does private ownership of media lead to?
A
Media concentration
Restricts the public’s sources of information and content available
20
Q
What is the Propaganda Model?
A
Mass media companies will transmit content that is in their own interests
21
Q
What did Stephen Harper mention about hockey in Canada? Was he correct?
A
The Great Common Denominator- hockey facilitates immigrant integration in Canada
No, many people cannot afford to play / experience hockey as immigrants
22
Q
Antonio Gramsci theory on Karl Marx’s working class revolution
A
It never materialized because the dominant group wins the voluntary consent of the masses.
23
Q
How is Hegemony different than domination?
A
Domination uses force,
Hegemony works through families, schools, and the media.
24
Q
Erving Goffman’s and Feminist theory on Mass Media:
A
Advertisements do not depict men and women; they depict masculinity and femininity through reinforcing women’s subordination to men. Specific subtle cues
25
What is "secondary socialization"
Socialization outside of the home- how men and women are represented in the media
26
Do men and women get equal representation in advertisements?
Yes, but in much different roles
27
Do advertisements change as audiences do?
yes
28
What are the measures of poverty?
Absolute poverty
Relative poverty
Low-income measure
Low-income cut-off
Market basket measure
29
What is absolute poverty?
Lack of necessities- basic survival
30
What is relative poverty?
Inadequacy compared to average living standard
31
What does the Low-Income measure represent?
People making less than half the median income
in 2016 14% of Canadians were low income
32
What does the Low-Income cut-off represent?
People who spend more than 20% of their income than the average Canadian on necessities
33
What is the function of the Market Basket Measure?
Estimates the cost of basic goods for a given reference family. (EXAMPLE: families of two in the south of Ontario)
34
Why do immigrants experience such high rates of poverty?
Foreign education
Experience is less valued
Racism
Language challenges
Poor social capital
35
Why do Indigenous populations experience significantly high rates of poverty?
unemployment
geographic isolation
lack of education
lack of opportunity
poor living and health conditions
36
What percentage of Canadians live with a disability? Which are most common?
22% of Canadian adults have at least one disability
Commonly- Pain, Flexibility, Mobility, Mental/Psychological
37
Define Social Stratification
A societies Hierarchy of inequality based on class, socioeconomic status, power, gender and ethnicity
38
What is "social mobility"?
movement within and between classes
39
What is "vertical mobility"?
movement between classes - up or down
40
What are the systems involved in social stratification?
Slavery
Castes - hereditary status
Estates
Social classes
41
What is an achieved status?
Status is granted on the basis of working hard enough
42
What is an ascribed status?
Social mobility is limited due to inheritance structures that maintain the status quo
43
What thesis is used for functionalist theory and social inequality?
The Davis Moore Thesis
44
What is the Davis Moore Thesis?
A socially stratified society is more productive and efficient - rewarding important work will allow money, prestige, and leisure time so people are encouraged to work hard.
45
Why is the Davis-Moore thesis wrong?
Some people cannot afford to get higher education
Some social groups earn less regardless of talent and training
The disparity between the rich and the poor can be extreme
46
Karl Marx (conflict theory) theory on social inequality?
The drive for private property was primarily responsible for creating the two-class system
Capitalists are able to keep wages low because capitalism ensures superfluous labor
Alienated labor
47
What was Ralf Dahrendorf's theory of why of Karl Marx's revolution never happened?
Many more people have a stake in capitalism
Higher standard of living, legal protections and unions
48
What was Weber's argument about capitalism and inequality?
Class and inequality are not the only measure of social stratification.
Weber doubted that overthrowing capitalism would solve inequality; socialism would transfer the power from the capitalist class to government elites
49
Which topic of social stratification did C. Wright Mills establish?
"The power elite"; He believed that US elites were so powerful that they jeopardized the academic process.
50
What are the three interlocked parts of power in the US according to C. Wright Mills?
The military elite
The corporate elite
The political elite
51
What is the nanny state?
British term used by neoliberalists to describe that the government is overprotective and interfering with peoples lives (social programs) and they should act as a nanny to children
52
What is meant by "tragedy of the commons"?
Individuals with access to public resources and in doing so deplete the resource
53
What is the term neoliberalism? (political economic theorization)
Emphasizing privatization, deregulation, and reduction of welfare state through reduction of social programs and lowering taxes. "from poverty to perversity"
54
What is Thornstein's theory regarding class? (symbolic interactionist)
Symbolism in economic inequality is shown with large displays of wealth and consumption. Wealth is communicated through status symbols.
55
What is "conspicuous consumption"?
Displaying wealth and consuming products that are built to impress others
56
What is Individual Classism? Is this conscious or intentional?
Classism on a personal level, behaviours and attitudes.
EXAMPLE: being ashamed of social class and family, thinking others are beneath you
It can be both conscious and intentional and unconscious and unintentional
57
What is Institutional Classism? Is this conscious or intentional?
Conscious or unconscious classism in institutions.
EXAMPLE: People in poorer neighbourhoods with worse living conditions receive poor quality healthcare while those who have high quality living conditions have better and more access
58
What is Cultural Classism?
The cultural norms and practices that instil classism. Distain or shame about traditional patterns of class and heritage.
EXAMPLE: Television shows are made about people who own homes, typically are white and have basic necessities.
59
What does "Blame the Victim" mean regarding classism?
Believing that people can make it if they tried hard enough leads to stereotyping and poor blasting.
People who have not received welfare believe they never will and this reduces empathy
60
What are the structural problems causing poverty?
deindustrialization, cost of living, barriers to opportunities, limited access to affordable housing, inability to obtain credit
61
What is meant by "poor policy"
Low welfare rates
Low minimum wage
Neoliberalism
Poor wealth distribution
Absence of living wage policies
62
How was Homosexuality described in Canada during the early 1900s?
Deviant behaviour
Indicative of mental illness
63
What idea regarding sexuality was challenged in the 1950s?
Pathology / mental illness
Sexual pluralism is real
64
1950s-1960s Cold War and The Fruit Machine
Homosexual soldiers, civil citizens, and RCMP were investigated, intimidated, and interrogated
65
Which law was decriminalized in 1969?
Consensual sex between two men.
"no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation"
66
Which crisis occurred during the 1980s?
The aids crisis
67
What is operation soap?
Police would raid and arrest gay men in bath houses / abuse them. Toronto rallied and protested. 1981
68
What program did Canadian Universities incorporate in the late 1980s?
Gay & Lesbian studies
69
What is the "little sisters bookstore"?
A book store in Vancouver had most of its shipments stopped at the U.S - Canada border because LGBTQ material was obscene.
70
What law was passed in 2005 for Canadians?
Legalization of same-sex marriage
71
What was the age of consent raised to in 2008?
from 14 to 16
72
Which law was struck down in 2014?
Canada's anti-prostitution law
73
What was added to the Canadian Human Rights Act in 2017?
Gender Identity
74
Which law was banned in 2021?
Conversion therapy
75
Which concept was challenged in the 1980s?
Biological identities and gender identity were mapped easily to one another.
76
Define "binary"
Anything that is separated into two distinct categories. (some people thing just men and women , heterosexuality)
77
Define gender identity
an inner sense of belonging to one, several, or no particular genders
78
What are the 4 ways gender roles are socialized?
In the family
In peer groups
In schools
In media
79
What is the patriarchy?
a form of social organization where men have more authority than women.
80
Define gender hegemony
ideological domination by males over others to the point where you see no alternative
81
What is hegemonic masculinity?
Dominant form of masculinity that portrays men should be strong, brave, rational etc.
82
What are the consequences of gender stratification for men?
Encouraged to partake in high risk behaviour
Emphasis on competition - loss of opportunity for intimacy and trust
Higher rates of suicide, accidental deaths, violence, stress-related diseases
83
What are the consequences of gender stratification for women?
Women across all occupations make 72% of what men make
Women work part time due to domestic responsibilities
Losing job experience and seniority
84
Define the second shift / double burden
Women do more housework, childcare and eldercare, resulting in less leisure time
85
What is the glass ceiling effect?
Womens limited potential to move up
86
What is the glass escalator effect?
Males typically will be moved into promotions with less experience / seniority
87
What % of Canadians in the past 5 years with current or past spouses have reported physical or sexual abuse?
6%
88
What percentage of women vs men are violently assaulted?
women 34%
men 10%
89
Who are the most vulnerable to domestic abuse?
refugee & immigrant women
90
Do hetero or homosexual relationships experience more violence?
Violence for gay and lesbian couples are twice as high
91
Define sexual orientation
preference of romantic / sexual partners - not related to sex or gender
92
define heteronormativity
The assumption that heterosexuality is a universal norm
93
Define homophobia
irrational fear or hatred of homosexuality
94
Define transgender
Discrepency between the gender that an individual identifies with and the sex they were assigned at birth
95
What is Liberal Feminism?
Focus on complete equality between men and women on all domains - legal and cultural barriers removed
96
What is Socialist Feminism?
the struggle against capitalism and patriarchy. Family form must be replaced so women are not domestic slaves
Calls for socialist revolution
97
What is Radical Feminism?
Society must eliminate gender and stop the oppression women experience in the public and private spheres
98
When was the First Wave of Feminism?
1850s-1940s
Female Suffrage (1918)
Women become persons (1929)
99
When was the Second wave of Feminism?
1960s-1980s
No-fault divorce (1968)
Access to the pill (1962)
Abortion access decriminalized (1969)
Marital rape recognized (1983)
100
When was the Third Wave of Feminism?
1990s
Recognition that white middle-class women do not speak for all women
101
What is Feminist Intersectionality ? Example?
The interlocking nature of social identity that cause oppression and marginalization.
Different races and sexual orientations of women get paid different amounts
102
What is the difference between ethnicity and race?
Race is socially assumed based on physical or genetic characteristics
Ethnicity is based on cultural characteristics
103
Who is considered a visible minority ? Why is this problematic?
Visible minorities include persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in color and who do not report being Indigenous.
Self-report measure is unreliable, homogenizes the non-visible minority group, homogenizes the visible minority group, and establishes caucasians as the standard.
104
Who did the 1910 Canadian Immigration Act prohibit?
Anyone who was physically or mentally disabled or had a mental illness
105
What change was made to the Immigration act in 1919?
Excluded those of extreme political loyalties
106
Until 1967 who were the preferred immigrants?
Northern / Central Europeans and Americans
107
Until 1967 who were the non-preferred immigrants
Chinese, African Americans, Eastern Southern Europeans
108
What system was introduced in 1967 to decrease discriminatory immigration behaviour?
The point system
109
What is accounted for in the points system?
English or French Ability
Education
Experience
Age
Job arranged in Canada
Adaptability
110
How many Immigrants come to Canada yearly?
300,000
111
What major four classes are Canadian immigrants divided into?
skilled workers 1/2
family class 1/4
refugees 15%
Others 2-5%
112
What % of immigrants arrived in urban Ontario?
50%
113
Describe Racialization
Social group labeling and establishment of social hierarchy - stereotyping
114
What are the four kinds of cultural erosion?
Cultural abrasion - American television influences Canadians
Cultural deflation - assimilation of language in to others that can't describe
Cultural deposition - foreign beliefs, practices, and artifacts combine
Cultural saltation
115
What is cultural relativism?
A willingness to understand and accept other cultures and not compare to others
116
What is androcentric langauge?
Words that imply male dominance
117
What is counterculture?
Rejecting norms and conformity of the majority.
Makes deviance the new standard behaviour
118
How does alienation still persist ?
machines are increasingly replacing skilled and unskilled workers while owners are getting paid a gross amount
119
Why has the opposite of Karl Marx's prediction of a workers revolt occurred?
Insecure workers vote for capitalists
120
What is exchange mobility?
Movement within an occupation only when something becomes vacant
121
What is structural mobility?
Creation of new jobs through economic prosperity
122
What is the primary labor market?
High paying jobs, good career advancement, job security
123
What is the secondary labor market?
Low paying jobs, few opportunities or advancements
124
How many homeless Canadians are considered "hidden homeless". Describe being "hidden homeless"
Estimates 50,000
People who stay with friends or family
125
How does intergenerational trauma effect homelessness in Indigenous populations?
Health and longevity, ability to cope with societal demands and maintaining employment
126
What are the benefits of Universal Basic Income?
Workers don't need employers for survival
Class-Consciousness
Normalize and universalize welfare
127
Describe the Manitoba Dauphin Experiment
People could apply for monthly cheques to increase their wages, guaranteeing an income of $16,000.
128
What are the three pathways proposed that effect peer relationships for children in poverty?
Inability to afford latest trends
Parents psychological stress from poverty affects child-parent relationship
Impovershed kids seek out relationships with deviant peers
129
Define genderqueer
A person who identifies with many genders or none at all
130
Define genderfluid
gender identity changes over time and contexts
131
What are the fundamental rights under the Canadian Charter?
Freedom of conscious and religion
Freedom of thought, belief, opinion and expression, including freedom of the press and other media communication
Freedom of peaceful assembly
Freedom of association
132
What are the Behavioural Models of Health?
An approach that considers the lifestyle choices of the individual as the only factor of well-being
133
What is the term biomedical?
An approach to health that considers only physiological factors as relevant
134
What is the biopsychosocial approach?
Recognized how a variety of emotional, mental, and physical aspects associated with a person's life contribute to their overall well-being
135
What is Social Assistance?
Programs that provide payments to the lowest earning individuals and vulnerable social groups.
136
What is the most important safety net in Canada?
Universal healthcare
137
What are the Creative Commons?
An organization that helps people protect their creations while also making those creations accessable.
138
What is convergence?
Combination / intersection of otherwise different and dispersed regulations and laws, industries of technologies
139
What is regulatory convergence?
Deregulation that leads to media industries that are virtually indistinguishable from one another (apple/samsung)
140
What is industry convergence?
The horizontal or vertical integration of media industries. (ipod,iphone,appletv)
141
What is horizontal integration?
The expansion of one type of industry into other types of industries, enabling control of companies across industry boundaries
142
What is vertical integration?
Expanded control of the production process (doing all steps, owning all materials)
143
What is technological convergence?
The trend toward providing media and information exchange that enables a variety of things
144
What are the three areas that compose the bourgeois public sphere?
Status
Domain of common concern
Inclusivity
145
What are uses and gratifications?
A media theory that more attention needs to be paid to what people do with the media
146
What is a global village?
Media allows compressing time and distance so that people can interact
147
What is diversification? Why is it hard to achieve?
Media makes it look like there is diversification in the media but it is very hard for other companies to emerge
148
What is cultural imperialism?
Increasing connected global marketplace where products can be where they previously weren't. It is bad for people who do not receive these things
149
What is media accountability?
Many companies say they have a national label though they are owned / are active in many different countries. Who is accountable?
150
What is the poverty line?
An agreed-upon income threshold at which an acceptable standard of living is possible
151
What is the SDOH?
Social determinants of health - factors that affect a persons health and well-being
152
What is meant by performativity?
Sex and gender are completely socially and culturally constructed and policed. We perform as our assigned gender
153
What are ethnic enclaves?
Areas of high concentration of a particular culture that is disctinct and a defined boundary
154
What is critical race theory?
A theory that views racialization as a performance and a social construction rather than innate, biological qualities.
155
What is racialized socialization?
The process where we learn to evaluate people and ourselves according to presumes racialized or ethnic differences.
156
What is Ethnic solidarity?
A process in which members of self-conscious communities interact to gain a common purposes
157
What is code switch?
Effortlessly shifting to a different language, dialect, class and often culture
158
What is oreintalism?
A view that exaggerates and distorts features of people from Asia, North Africa, and Middle East and contrasts the characteristics of the Europeans
159
Does identification with other people of the same ethnicity encourage affiliation?
Yes, functionalist theory
160
What is "social distance"
The amount to which one social class excepts another
161
What is cultural tolerance?
People of various ethnic and racialized backgrounds can come together in a single-nation state and achieve at high levels of trust
162
What is homophily
A relationship joining people who have the same or similar attributes or statuses
163
What are the three core elements of tolerance?
Cognitive: a willing ability to reflect on inclusion and discrimination
Evaluative: a sense that minority groups can make positive contributions
Political: a readiness to welcome more immigrants and help them settle.
164
What is diaspora?
The scattering of any group of people. The term originally referred to specific tribes of ancient Israel dispersed around the world.
Provide connections back to ones group
165
What are the three key dimensions that make up diaspora
Dispersion
Homeland orientation
Boundary maintenance (exclude outsiders)
166
How does digital chat help immigrants settle?
Engage in social support distance
