midterm 2 Flashcards
During acute appendicitis, the contribution of the somatosensory nociceptive afferents signals what?
Signaling conscious awareness of pain in the umbilical region
what are the Areas of the (CNS) that modulate autonomic control?
hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system modulate brainstem autonomic control.
what are characteristics of the ANS?
- Innervates blood vessels in skeletal muscle
- Hormones regulate effector control
- two-neuron pathway with a synapse outside the CNS
- signals with hormones
what neurotransmitters are released by Preganglionic autonomic neurons Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons Sympathetic postganglionic neurons (ones that innervate vessels, heart)
all release acetylcholine except sypathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate vessels of skeletal muscles which release norepinephrine
what are the symptoms of Complete severance of a peripheral nerve?
Loss of control of smooth muscle in blood vessels, temperature regulation, and sweating in a peripheral nerve distribution
what are the symptoms of Complete severance of the cervical spinal cord?
Total loss of voluntary control of the bladder, bowel, and genital function; poor regulation of blood pressure and core body temperature
what are the symptoms of Lesion in the brainstem?
Interference with regulation of blood pressure, heart rate, or respiration; may affect pupil constriction, tear production, salivation, or visceral regulation
what are the symptoms of Lesion in the hypothalamus region?
Disruption of behavior and metabolism; may cause abnormalities of weight control and thermoregulation
Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic neurons located?
Lateral horn of spinal cord T1-L2 levels
what is Autonomic regulation of the heart is dependent on?
Parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve
Sympathetic fibers from the thoracic level (increasing heart rate and contractility)
what are the causes of syncope?
Insufficient cardiac output
Hypoxia
Strong emotion
hypoglycemia
