Midterm 2 Flashcards
Why was World War I a watershed in Canadian History?
The war required government intervention at unprecedented levels and the sacrifice made by Canadian soldiers left political leaders to demand independent membership for Canada in the League of Nations.
How did World War I Radically alter the relationship between the Canadian state and society?
The war increased the regulatory role of the state to an unprecedented degree: the state regulated the production, distribution, sale, and consumption of such essential resources as coal, wood, and gas fuels, and established both Canadian National Railways and the Canadian Wheat Board.
How well-prepared was Canada for participation in World War I?
Canada was completely unprepared: the government had done little more than debate military issues for more than fifteen years
Why were visible minorities discouraged from enlisting and serving in the Canadian Expeditionary Force?
Officials worried that the presence of visible minorities in the force would be bad for morale, and therefore discouraged minority enlistments
Who was Canada’s minister of militia, responsible for assembling and training the Canadian Expeditionary Force?
Sam Hughes
What made World War I the first “modern” war?
The war was the testing ground for a wide array of new weapons developed by technological innovation (Never before had so many new weapons been introduced at once)
What was the most devastating impact of the use of chlorine and mustard gas during the war?
the worst effect of these chemical weapons was their psychological toll on the troops, who were essentially defenseless in their trenches
What World War I battle “made” the reputation of the Canadian Army?
Ypres
Why did the cities of western Canada NOT enjoy the same level of economic prosperity as those of central Canada during the war?
Western Canada was seen only as a grain-producing region and was overlooked as a location for munitions production
How did Ottawa finance the immense costs of World War I?
Ottawa sold “Victory Bonds” and introduced the business profits tax and income tax.
Why did the war increasingly produce labour unrest?
While workers did enjoy wage increases, rising prices and taxes led to an increased cost of living, which led to increased union membership and support.
What was the primary wartime contribution of Canadian women?
Women provided millions of hours of unpaid labour through their work in a wide variety of voluntary organizations
What was the Imperial War Cabinet?
A cabinet of the colonial and dominion prime ministers that met in london (In conjunction with the British cabinet) under the direction of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George to determine strategy and make military decisions
What was the primary significance for Canada of the Battle of Vimy Ridge?
Vimy Ridge earned Canada its reputation for ferocity on the battlefield and led to the growing national myth that “Canada went up the Ridge a colony, and came down the Ridge a nation.”
How did the Ontario Schools Question differ from what had transpired in Manitoba?
Unlike in Manitoba, Catholics were not united in their opposition to Ontario’s regulation 17: English-speaking Irish Catholics supported the government, and French-speaking Catholics were opposed.
Why was Wilfrid Laurier hesitant (and ultimately unwilling) to join a coalition government for the duration of the war?
Laurier agreed with the need for a coalition, but knew that if he joined it, the government would impose conscription, which he (and his supporters) opposed. He also knew that supporting the government could lead to Henri Bourassa’s political takeover of Quebec.
What did the Conservative government introduce to assure itself an electoral victory in 1917?
The government passed the Wartime Elections Act and the Military Voters Act, designed to enfranchise nurses serving overseas and women who had family members serving overseas, while disenfranchising all persons who became naturalized Canadians after 1902 and had arrived from “enemy countries”
What argument did prohibitionists use successfully to get liquor prohibition passed in every province in Canada except Quebec?
They argued that human and material resources that should have been devoted to the war effort were being wasted to produce liquor.
In 1918, what even appeared to guarantee a German victory over the Allies?
Russia’s signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which pulled Russian troops out of the war and closed the Eastern front.
What persuaded Canada by the 1880s to take a more active role within the British Empire?
Unification of Germany and the Rise of the German Empire
What was the chief benefit for Canada of the treaty of Washington (1871)?
The United States recognized Canada as a separate nation in North America
What was Continentalism
It was a political ideology in favour of closer economic ties with the United States (reciprocity)
Who became Canada’s first finance minister in 1867?
Alexander Tiloch galt
Which of the following individuals and groups was NOT opposed to reciprocity during the 1891 election?
Liberal leader Wilfrid Laurier and Canadian Farmers
What is “Informal empire”?
The belief that “trade follows the flag”
What did historian Carl Berger mean when he wrote that imperialism and nationalism were “two sides of the same coin”?
Both imperialists and nationalists believed that Canada was destined to become the heart of the British Empire and therefore believed that serving the Empire served Canada’s nationalist aspirations.
Who was George Parkin?
Principal of Upper Canada College, and advocate for the “humanitarian side of imperialism,” and author of “imperial Federation: The problem of National Unity”
Who were the intellectual leaders of Canadian Imperialism at the turn of the twentieth century?
Stephen Leacock, George Parkin, George Munro Grant, George Taylor Denison
Who stood out as a staunch opponent of Britain’s call for Canada to fight in the Boer war?
Henri Bourassa
What compromise did the Laurier government devise to guarantee Canada’s participation in the Boer War?
A voluntary force would be equipped and allowed to fight, but the government was not guaranteeing future cooperation with Britain helping fight its wars.
What distinguished Henri Bourassa’s French-Canadian nationalism from Jules-Paul Tardive’s?
Tardivel believed Quebec qould be better served as an independent nation, while Bourassas’s French-Canadian nationalism incorporated all of French Canada beyond Quebec
Who prompted the Alaska boundary dispute?
The discovery of gold in the Yukon
