Midterm 2

Question 1

Heat illness’

Answer 1

Heat Rash - heat rash is the clogging of sweat glands
Exertional Heat Cramps - imbalance of ions due to dehydration
Heat Syncope - fainting , non lethal, due to high body temperature and dehydration- trying ot get blood back to brain quicker
Exertional Heat exhaustion - cell dysfunction due to increased dehydration, water moving out of cells to blood for thermoregulation - serious but non lethal, causing dizziness, confusion nausea,
Heat Stroke - classic: due to old age and medical conditions, increased strain on vascular system, not a lot of sweating
Exertional Heat Stroke- compounded with exercis, not ususally dehydrated - when the body reaches grwater than 40ºc within 10-15 minutes,

can be lethal, need to get out of the heat into shade to cool down the core - -cells stop working, stope sweating but we still heat up and cells dentaurre messing with AP of muscles and neurons

Question 2

Predisposed

Answer 2

HAMSLLIE
Health
Age
Medications
Socially Disasdvantaged
Length of exposure
Level of acclimitization
Intensity of exurtion.
Environmental factors

Question 3

Whos at risk?

Answer 3

old people
occupational groups
socially dis dvantaged
cignitive or physical impaired
children
exercisers

Question 4

the greatest challenge

Answer 4

the greatest challenge is heat and exercise when it comes to regulating tmeperature, MAP, and oxygen deleivery

Question 5

heat equation

Answer 5

physical work competition for bodies resources + temperature hotter = gradient + humidity (evaporative capacity) = heat illness

Question 6

Stress Scales

Answer 6

WBGT - wet bulb globe temperature
- Tw - evaporatitive capacity showing us RH
- Td - regular temperature
- globe - black ball showing us absorbative value and emissivity
Humidex - doesnt tell us the radiation not a lot of problems with it
ESI

environmental strain index
5 point scale using Ta, RH and Solar Radiation - still need to know how it works nad get something to meausre RH - gets rid of wet and globe temperatures

Question 7

Windchill

Answer 7

• 1940s.
• viles of water in the environments - to see the speed of their heat trasnfer loss
  wind speed and temperature
  doesnt account for the sun
  doesnt account for us being heat generatiors,
  assumes we are naked

windchill makes us colder becuase of the increased convective heat transfer

Question 8

Why are Stress scales okay adn why could they be better.?

Answer 8

Stress scales are good to see what the percieved feeling of the environemnt on our body is . it lets us know whats going on around us, but PSI and and CSI can show us what is going on within us

Question 9

PSI

Answer 9

Physioogical Strain Index

• uses two 5 point

relates Core temp during exericise with HR - 39.5 degress is the safety, anyting close to that tells us to stop exercising
shows Max HR of 180 beatsmin, anything close to that is clsoe the max, we should be doing

• dont need ot add skin temperature because the HR already tells us that our body is pumping an amount of blood ( with some already beign directed towatd the peripheryso skin tmep doesnt reallly tell us anythin gwe dont already know)

Question 10

CSI

Answer 10

relates core temp to skin temp 66 - 33

core temp being hopellu nothing below 35 and skin temp nothing below 20

we use skin temp here to show us the gradient bewtween core and skin sduring exercise but since the gradient will be big, the skin tmep doesnt really matter hence 33. shjowing thta we will be warming up the blood anyway

Question 11

good things about csi and psi

Answer 11

different clothes and climates
different levels of hydration and exercise intensity
men and women
fitness and acclimitizzation

Question 12

being taller in a marathon

Answer 12

not good because you have to much SA and harder to dissapate

Question 13

optimal running temp

Answer 13

10-15º c

Question 14

Ways to precool

Answer 14

microenvironemnt
cooling vest
ice sluhy
ice bath
head cooling

Question 15

Microenvironemtn cooling suit

Answer 15

doesnt get all parts of your body for most optimal conductive radiation
uses a power bank
hard to use in exercise
needs to be tight and light

maximize cooling efficientfy
maintian thermoneurtality
minimize power and coolant requirment s

Question 16

Cooling vest

Answer 16

Phase chanign gmaterial.
greatest effect ewith material that has melting point higher than 20ºc

light, doesnt get all parts of your body

decreasees body temp
lets runners go longer in exercise

GO LONGER

Question 17

head cooling

Answer 17

cool the blood going to the hypothalamus

allows for a decrease in core temperature

better than no cooling and greater with full body cooling/ mist

lots of thermo receptors

lower core tmep lower HR lower skin temp

GO longer
LEss strain

Question 18

Ice bath

Answer 18

coldest water drops temp quickest - cools from inside out
colder the water the increased risk of after drop
the blip in raise in core tmep is due to vasoconstriction, but can maintain a lower core temp during exercise

Question 19

how do we cool the core with an ice bath

Answer 19

once we get out of the bath the gradient between ciore and skin is very large
blood rushes to the skin gets cooled and borught back to the core

Question 20

ice slushy

Answer 20

ice slushy cools the core, blood losest to the core

btoh cwi and slushy provide an extra 10 minutes of time to exhaustion

Question 21

intermittents cooling

Answer 21

cold glove, rest, shirt off

Question 22

cold glove

Answer 22

coold glove allows for vasdialation within a vaccum, allows for mroe sweat

longer time to exhaustion and longer time to get to a max HR

Question 23

psot cooling

Answer 23

cold water subnmersion

Question 24

ice bath post exercise

Answer 24

helps to improve recovery
decrease in body temp should stop at 37.5 to mitigate after drop

we lose heat even after we get out of the bath becasue of the gradient between skin and core and core and out bloood is going to our skin to heat it up and we lose heat from that dropping our temps close to hypothermia

coldest tmeps drop the tmep fasster but anythig less than 20 still works, cool water ittigates after drop

make surt eits circulated - if n ot cirucaluted we increase the temp of the water around us and can increase our temperature, circulated increases convectiive heat transfer

Question 25

hard to get to to hyperhydration

Answer 25

casue we piss out and dehydrate into euhydration

Question 26

at rest why are we not hypohydrated

Answer 26

hypohydration is counter acfted byt he thirst need for fluid by hormones add exercise and we increase the need for fluids even more, but that thirst may not be enough

Question 27

forced superhydration

Answer 27

forced superhydration can casue swelling in places that dont need to swell, and dilution o fblood plasma (hyponatremia)

Question 28

how much water do we lose in hour in sweat

Answer 28

0.8-1.4L 573 calories to emit heat

Question 29

sweat is hypo tonic

Answer 29

means that it has llw osmolarity

Question 30

hyperosmotic

Answer 30

high concetration of ions (pulls water toward it)

Question 31

Dehydration cause and effect?

Answer 31

Dehydration causes a decrease in blood volume water. to bring blood bakc to normal levels, the bloood at a hihg concentration pull swater from interstitail fluid which pulls water from the cell. can casue cell dysfunction

Question 32

Cardiac output and dehydration

Answer 32

dehydration casues a loss of blood volume water, this increases the thickness of the blood decreaseing the SV, a decrease in SV casues a compensatory effect for the HR to increase.

Question 33

BW loss

Answer 33

as we loose body water we increase HR anddecrease SV decereaseing CO less BW we lose the better, up to and less than 2% loss is best can measure bw ore and post ot see our hydration level

Question 34

less water you have the more we sweat

Answer 34

we sweat more because we increase our core tmep and therfore try to thermoregulate more and sweat more .

Question 35

exercise capacity v02 max

Answer 35

at specific temperatures we can lose exercise capacity as the tmerature decreases. bw loss capacity also decrease the amount of exercise capacity 5% BW loss calls for 30 % reduction in v02max 2% BW loss doesnt do much

Question 36

mnore RBC

Answer 36

this means that we have less Blood volume and vice vers

Question 37

urine assensment

Answer 37

gravity, osmolarity(concentration) , colour, density

Question 38

blood assessment

Answer 38

asses hematocrit assess plasma volum e assess concetration

Question 39

assessing BW

Answer 39

body weihgt assesemnt doesnt accoiunt for cho water storage water shift to ISF electrolytes can wmeausre before and after exercise to see the amount lost

Question 40

Hyponatremia and overhydration

Answer 40

increased water dilutes the blood,decereaseing the concetration of salt, makes isf hyper osmotic, pulling water from blood to it , this can casue sweeling in the braiin if you add exercise we retain more water in the blasdder becuase we decrease urine output

Question 41

rehydration prior

Answer 41

80 mins before can hekp decrease core tmep and HR during exercise

Question 42

post exercise rehydration

Answer 42

150% 6 horus after to get to normal,. this shoul dnot be pure water casue that shit causes hyponatremia

Question 43

goal of fluid compostiion

Answer 43

hydrate - 600 ml of water 15ºc cho- 6-8% carbs (sweeter can make us not absorb properly - Na+- soiduim torpelenish the salt lost in sweat, avoid hyponatremia _ sodium can increase gastric emptying salatier drinks we tend to dirnk more of

Question 44

whatis vaso contriction

Answer 44

- increases blood pressure, inceases heart rate, deceases heat transfer, limits the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the area of vasoconstirction we do this in response to cold - makes us heat up more in order to maintain the core heat iuncrease in SNS output by catacholmines to vasculature

Question 45

cold pressor test

Answer 45

in relation to vasoconstriction, submerge hand into ice bath, measure BP

Question 46

Cold Induced VasoDilation

Answer 46

every 10-15 minutes we send blood to our peripheryheating it up to a point hotter than normal dont really know why this happens but this occurs mostly in those who are exposed to the cold for the longest we all have the capacity to do it but not all of us show it, allows us to move blood tot he periphery but trade off is that we lose heat through the blood at the periphery we do this until a certian point then stop casue we cant afford to lose anymore heat Therfore - reduces ischemia maintains tissue function

Question 47

shivering

Answer 47

shivering is occuring form the removal of inhibiton in the primary centre for shivering in the hypiothalamus we can see stimulation at the slightest drop from 37 degrees it is an increase in Ach tone to the motor neurons casuing increasesd involutnry muscle contraction

Question 48

shivering order

Answer 48

shivering starts at the jaw then the runk then the periphery to protect what is most important larger muscles shiver at higher muscle intesities if we are acclimitizzed ot the cold we will start shivering later on in order to save energy

Question 49

staying in the cold longer than others

Answer 49

some people may have more body fat% increaseing insulation with layers of tissue around the cor , as awell as an increased shivering intesity

Question 50

non shivering thermogenesis

Answer 50

occurs because of the uncoupling protein found in adipose tissue mainly also sometimes found in wat liver cardiac skeltal tissue the uncoupling protein uncouples the atp creeation and the Hydrogen moving that occurs in aerobic respiration. it allows us to produce heat wihtout having tio create/waste ATP (energy) still needs glucose as its main source

Question 51

cold stress factors to increase heat

Answer 51

makes us want to eat - thermogenic effect of feeding moving around clothing allows us to control the tmeprarute that we are at base layer - for sweat wicking and moving water away from us insulation layer - for creating another microenvironemnt, more distance to keep heat in protective layer from rain and wind

Question 52

COLD acronym

Answer 52

stay Clean avoid Overheating Loose and Layered Clothing Dry clothing COLD