Midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

Sensation vs Perception

Answer 1

Sensation: Hearing with our ears Perception: Listening with our brain (awareness, discrimination, localization, music, speech, plasticity)

Answer 2

(That tool doctors always use to look in your ear) Looking in the outer ear and at the ear drum for wax, foreign objects, evidence of diseases or disorders

Answer 3

-Testing the outer and middle ear by inserting an ear plug with an air pump to measure eardrum movement -Can show if there's too much wax, ear infections, and middle ear fluid

Answer 4

-An ear plug plays sound to **test the function of outer hair cells in the cochlea** (inner ear) -The outer hair cells dance when they hear sound and make quiet sounds louder and loud sounds quieter -Used to test newborns

Answer 5

Playing sounds at different frequencies to find the threshold (quietest sounds heard at individual frequencies)

Answer 6

-Used for older kids and adults -Raise a hand or push a button in reaction to sound

Answer 7

Kids put a toy in a container (or something of the like) in reaction to sound

Answer 8

To train babies to expect and turn their head to see a light up toy or screen when sound comes

Answer 9

An EEG used for young babies or people unable to complete other testing

Answer 10

**Conductive** -Outer and middle ear -Usually temporary or improved with surgery -Affects loudness **Sensorineural** -Inner ear and nerve -Usually permanent -Affects both clarity and loudness **Mixed** -Outer/middle ear and inner ear/nerve

Answer 11

**Hard of hearing** -Can hear some speech without devices (slight, mild, moderate, moderately severe) **Deaf** -Cannot hear speech without devices (severe and profound)

Answer 12

-Degree and type of hearing loss (Frequencies affected, trouble hearing different frequencies) -Listening situation (distance, echoes, background noise) -The talker (Volume, accent, clarity, language, familiarity( -Other factors (time without treatment, support, cognitive and linguistic ability)

Answer 13

-Used to give a prediction of how much a person would be able to understand speech, as well as a criteria to fund hearing aids for children -on a scale from 0-1 (0=no speech is accessible to the listener, 1=100% of speech is accessible)

Answer 14

Surgery, medication, (ear, nose, throat) doctors, nurses, primary care doctors

Answer 15

-Most common -Automatically adjusts the volume and is customized for each patient's hearing loss -Has good audibility and clarity -Sometimes there aren't enough echoes from a distance or in background noise, and is often not enough for severe/profound hearing loss

Answer 16

-Sound goes through bone to the inner ear -They won't benefit from it if they have outer or middle ear anomalies or draining ears -Poorer sound quality than conventional aids, feedback, limited verification

Answer 17

-Used if your inner ear doesn't work and there's not enough hearing for a conventional aid -Worse sound quality, nerve must be present and mostly functional, limited verification, invasive, big processor

Answer 18

-3-4x high rates of hearing loss in elementary compared to the rest Canada -Secondhand smoke #1 risk factor for childhood otitis media (middle ear infection) in Greenland

Answer 19

-Improved hearing (possibly) due to higher living standards and hearing/anti-smoking protection campaigns -Still high frustration with the health system, travel, wait times, chronic condition initially only seen as acute

Answer 20

Involvement of stakeholders, fairness and reciprocity, people are not guinea pigs, burden on the healthcare system

Answer 21

The rate which a pattern repeats

Answer 22

**Periodic** -Regular repeating pattern, quasi-periodic **Aperiodic Sounds** -Patterns/repetition is unpredictable

Answer 23

Essentially the part of the ear we can see most of the time (Outer Ear) Collect pressure differences and funnel them to the external ear canal

Answer 24

(AKA external auditory canal/external auditory meatus) -Located between the pinna and eardrum (Outer Ear) -Brings sound to the eardrum -Amplifies particular frequencies which gives enhanced sensitivity to those frequencies

Answer 25

(AKA Eardrum) -Located in the middle ear -Vibrates in response to pressure fluctuations

Answer 26

-Middle Ear -Releases pressure (how you pop your ears) -Can get plugged with infections sometimes

Answer 27

(AKA the bony labyrinth) -Small bones making up the inner ear -Semicircular canals: control balance, filled with fluid and moves hair cells connected to nerves that help understand the body's orientation

Answer 28

Self-protective mechanism to constrict when there are loud sounds to prevent damage

Answer 29

1. Pinna funnels pressure fluctuations in 2. External auditory canal amplifies some of the frequency components 3. Pressure fluctuations cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate 4. Vibration of tympanic membrane is transferred to the malleus 5. Mechanical energy moves from the malleus to the incus to the stapes 6. The footplate of the stapes is connected to the oval window, which transfers the energy to the fluid in the cochlea

Answer 30

-Inner Ear (snail looking thing) -Includes the scalae, basilar membrane, and organ of corti -Fluid wave in the cochlea displaces/deforms the basilar membrane, forcing the hair cells to bend and sends signals to the nerves

Answer 31

-Both in the Cochlea -Organ of Corti has hair cells that are attached to a nerve fibre -The Basilar membrane and inner hair cells *code the frequency* of the sound waves you're exposed to

Answer 32

~20,000Hz in the high range and ~20Hz in the low range

Answer 33

-Auditory pathways take impulses from the auditory nerve to the cortex -Auditory pathways **bring information from the auditory nerves to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe** -For hearing individuals the cells are organized tonotopically, for deaf individuals the auditory cortex is used for sign language

Answer 34

Medical: deficit, pathology, promoting auditory-based communication, downplay/treat/cure, encourage assimilation into hearing society (so essentially discriminatory) Cultural: Difference, identity, culture, emphasizing benefits of visual communication, embracing, connection (So accommodating)

Answer 35

The notion that one is superior based on one's ability to hear or to behave in the manner of one who hears Concept that to be human you must have language and that language is speech (Essentially, oppression of the deaf community by the hearing community)

Answer 36

Medical, education, employment, accessibility Institutions have huge control of the deaf community's lives and is related to many issues of accessibility

Answer 37

-Helper/saviour mentality -Not making the effort to communicate -"Dinner table syndrome" (i.e. nevermind, I'll tell you later, it's not important, etc.)

Answer 38

Low self esteem, identity confusion, mental health crisis, embarrassed to wear hearing aids

Answer 39

Preconceived notions, assumed attitudes/labels, bias, marketing, terminology (pass/fail, diagnose, normal, loss), pressure to get hearing aids, assuming a deaf person wouldn’t want a hearing aid, not providing non-acoustic alternatives, speaking to the interpreter rather than the deaf person

Answer 40

~15% of individuals over 18 have hearing loss ~90-95% of said individuals can be helped with hearing aids ~16% of adults with hearing loss use hearing aids

Answer 41

-0.2-0.3% of infants are born with hearing loss (where more than 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents) -7.4% of 29-40 year olds have hearing loss -14.6% of 41-59 year olds have a hearing problem (where 10%/~25 million have experienced tinnitus) -30% of people over 60 have hearing loss

Answer 42

-Most can be helped with hearing aids but only 18% of adults with hearing loss use them -Cochlear implants are also a popular choice

Answer 43

-Ability to **maintain an upright posture, coordinate complex movements, and maintain a visual target while moving** -Is an integration of the vestibular system, visual system, somatosensory system (perception of touch, temperature, body), and cerebellar system

Answer 44

-Spinning feeling, a symptom of a peripheral vestibular disorder -Dizziness or balance problems can be due to central nervous system, medications, and/or psychological factors

Answer 45

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR): Connects the vestibular neural pathway in the brainstem to neurons that reflexively control muscles of the eyes to **maintain a clear visual image during head movement** Vestibulospinal Reflex (VSR): Connects from the vestibular nuclei in the brainstem to motor neurons that control the relevant skeletal muscles **(helps control the body when unexpected changes in position occur relative to gravity)**

Answer 46

-Balance test that uses an infrared video system with cameras inset in goggles that track eye movements -Evaluates an individual's rapid eye movements

Answer 47

You're strapped to a chair in a darkened room and the chair moves in a particular patterns at different frequencies while you have goggles on tracking your rapid eye movements Aims to see if your eyes move as expected

Answer 48

They stand on a platform that measures changes in body weight distribution Assesses an individual's functional balance while changing vestibular, visual, and somatosensory inputs

Answer 49

**Measures muscle potentials** elicited from a high-intensity low-frequency tone recorded from the neck or ocular muscles where the electrical activity in one's muscles is measured **in response to the presented tone** Provides information about the vestibulo-colic reflex (VCR) and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

Answer 50

Impedance: **Opposition to sound energy**, (in this case) is provided by acoustic and mechanical properties of the outer and middle ear Admittance: how much **energy flows** through the middle ear

Answer 51

-Audiologists are hearing health professionals who identify, diagnose, and manage individuals with hearing loss, tinnitus, vestibular and balance disorders, etc. -Audiologist is an independent professional provider of primary hearing health care

Answer 52

-A master's degree in audiology to practice

Answer 53

-May practice independently or within an interprofessional framework -All babies must be screened for hearing loss (in BC) -Checking for ear infections in children as they are very common -Assessment and management of educational, workplace and other environments -Consultation with government, industry, community, and other third parties

Answer 54

-Measures the admittance of the ear canal to the middle ear -A **plug goes into the ear to ensure pressure levels, where a one microphone plays a tone and another records/monitors** -Pressure is swept from high to low and admittance is recorded

Answer 55

-Measures the contraction of the stapedius muscle in response to loud sounds -When this **muscle is contracted at high intensity levels** it decreases the admittance (this protects us from loud sounds)

Answer 56

Presents a series of **broadbrand clicks** (energy at a wide range of frequencies to the ear where the **neural response is separated from the electrical noise**)

Answer 57

Thresholds for pure tones -Frequencies from 250-9000Hz -Aims to **identify the lowest intensity** for a particular tone that can be **heard 50% of the time** (the threshold) -Can be done by air or bone conduction where the **air bone gap** can be used to identify conductive hearing loss

Answer 58

Thresholds for spoken language -Establish the speech reception threshold and **measure the speech recognition ability above the threshold**

Answer 59

-Aims to find the **lowest intensity** that provokes a response -Uses familiarized spondee words (two syllable words with roughly equal stress on each syllable)

Answer 60

-Set above a patient's speech recognition or pure tone audiometry thresholds -Patient repeats words out loud and accuracy is scored

Answer 61

Adding noise to the signal during a test

Answer 62

**Energetic** Masking: Frequencies of the noise (you don't want to focus on) **overlaps** with the frequencies in the signal (what you want to focus on) **Informational** Masking: When the background noise is speech, attention is drawn to processing and understanding that signal **in addition** to processing the target (i.e. **listening to your friend talk but also being focused on a beautiful birdsong**)

Answer 63

Technique that trains people to **develop control** over bodily processes that are normally **involuntary or difficult to observe**

Answer 64

Helpful in teaching speech because you can **see what you usually can't**, allowing you to better manipulate it Not very accessible because it's expensive

Answer 65

Very descriptive but portrays a sense of normality/"proper" pronunciation Can be hard to understand if you don't have the background knowledge Can be used for developing control over a large range of sounds through visualizations of acoustic goals

Answer 66

Allows you to see what's going on in the relative to the palette (you stick something in your mouth) It can only show you the hard palette and not the body, also must be customized to the individual and is often expensive

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(90 cards)