Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what is the bone support function ?
A
it supports tissues and provided attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles
2
Q
what is the bone protection function?
A
it protects internal organs
3
Q
how does bone maintain mineral homeostasis?
A
it stores and maintains homeostatic control of the blood concentration of calcium phosphate in bone mineral
4
Q
what bone marrow produces blood cells ?
A
red bone marrow
5
Q
how does bone store triglyceride?
A
bone stores energy in the form of triglycerides in yellow bone marrow/adipose cells
6
Q
what are 6 functions of bone?
A
- support
- protection
- assistance in movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglyceride storage
7
Q
what is compact bone?
A
organized into Haversian systems/osteon on the “perimeter/lining” of bone
8
Q
what is spongy bone ?
A
thin columns of bone called trabeculae on the “inside” of bone
9
Q
osteogenic cells origin ?
A
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
10
Q
osteogenic cells location ?
A
periosteum
11
Q
osteogenic cells function ?
A
to become more differentiated to form osteoblasts
12
Q
osteoblasts origin?
A
osteogenic cells that have differentiated
13
Q
osteoblasts location?
A
bone surface/lining and bone itself
14
Q
osteoblasts function?
A
forms new bones + adds growth to existing bone tissue
15
Q
osteocytes origin?
A
osteoblasts that were encased in mineralized matrix
16
Q
osteocytes location?
A
reside in lacunae in close proximity to blood vessels
17
Q
osteocytes function?
A
maintaining strength and health of the bone matrix
18
Q
osteoclasts origin?
A
derived from the fusing of many monocytes (blood cells)
19
Q
osteoclasts location?
A
bone surface/lining and bone itself
20
Q
osteoclasts function?
A
break down/reabsorb bone
21
Q
what is an osteoid?
A
unmineralized bone matrix
22
Q
what are the two types of bone formation?
A
- intramembranous ossification
- endochondral ossification
23
Q
flat bones of skull + mandible develop via what bone formation type?
A
intramembranous ossification
24
Q
endochondral ossification
A
is a type of skeletal development in which hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone
25
long bones are developed via what bone formation type?
endochondral ossification
26
growth plate function?
allows for growth length-wise until puberty
27
what happens to the epiphyseal plate/growth plate at puberty?
the cartilage gets replaced by bone
28
bone remodeling
is when bone is removed and new bone is laid down in the same location
29
bone modeling
is when bone is removed in one place and laid down in another
30
what is a sesamoid bone?
a bone that is embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces
31
what is an example of a sesamoid bone?
patella
32
fracture healing steps...
1. initial site of fracture = forms fracture hematoma
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus forms
4. bone remodeling
33
what is osteoporosis ?
when the balance between new bone formation and bone breakdown is disrupted ---> bone lose occurring
34
how does the body maintain a normal body temp?
through thermogenesis (as a muscle contracts it generates heat)
35
what are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?
1. excitability
2. contractility
3. extensibility
4. elasticity
36
what are fascia in CT?
a band of CT that surrounds muscle or other organs
37
what is the epimysium in CT?
CT that encircle the entire muscle
38
what is the perimysium in CT?
CT that surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers
39
what is the endomysium in CT?
surrounds and separates individual muscle fibers within fascicles
40
what are fascicles in CT?
bundles of muscle fibers
41
what is a tendon?
a band of CT that attaches a muscle to bone
42
what is the aponeurosis?
tendons that extend in a broad flat layer = how occipitofrontalis muscles attach to the skull
43
what is a muscle fiber?
a muscle cell
44
what is a myoblast?
embryonic cells that fuse to form muscle fibers
45
what are satellite cells ?
myoblast-derived cells that can result in some muscle regeneration
46
what is the sarcolemma?
plasma membrane of muscle fibers
47
function T tubules?
allow for conduction of the nerve impulse received at the NMJ all the way through the fiber
48
what is the sarcoplasm?
cytoplasm of muscle
49
what is a myofibril ?
small special contractile structures that run through the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers
50
what is the SR?
the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers
51
what are the 4 properties of muscle tissue?
1.excitability
2. contractibility
3. extensibility
4. elasticity
52
what are fascia ?
a band of CT that surrounds muscle or other organs
53
what is the epimysium ?
CT that encircle the entire muscle
54
what is the perimysium ?
CT that surrounds groups of 10-100 muscle fibers
55
what is the endomysium ?
surrounds and separates individual muscle fibers within fascicles
56
what are fascicles?
bundles of muscle fibers
57
what is a tendon?
a band of CT that attaches a muscle to bone
58
what is the aponeurosis ?
tendons that extend in a broad flat layer = how occipitofrontalis muscles attach to the skull
59
what is a muscle fiber ?
a muscle cell
60
what is a myoblast ?
an embryonic cell that fuse to form muscle fibers
61
what is a satellite cell?
a myoblast-derived cell that can result in some muscle regeneration
62
what is the sarcolemma ?
the plasma membrane of muscle fibers
63
function of T tubules?
allows for the conduction of the nerve impulse received at the NMJ all the way through the fiber
64
what is the sarcoplasm?
the cytoplasm of the muscle
65
what is a myofibril ?
small specialized contractile structures that run through the sarcoplasm of muscle fibers
66
what is the SR?
the endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fibers
67
what is the contractile protein that makes up thin filaments?
actin
68
actin structure?
twisted helical filament
69
what is the contractile protein that makes up thick filaments?
myosin (motor protein)
70
myosin structure?
a "head" and a "tail"
71
what is the function of myosin in muscle contraction?
pushes/pull movement that requires ATP
72
what is the function of actin in muscle contraction?
has a myosin binding site for myosin heads to bind to for contraction
73
what is the function of troponin in muscle contraction?
Ca+ binds to troponin on thin filament which exposes the myosin binding sites
74
what is the function of tropomyosin in muscle contraction?
covers/blocks myosin from contacting actin (blocking position)
75
importance of Ca+ in muscle contraction?
required to start contraction
76
importance of ATP in muscle contraction?
required for the formation and detachment of cross bridges
77
what parts of the sarcomere shorten during contraction?
ONLY the H zone
78
what parts of the sarcomere stay the same length during both contraction + relaxation?
both thin and thick filaments
79
what are somatic motor neurons?
the nerves that stimulate skeletal muscle at the neuromuscular junction
80
where are somatic motor neuron cell bodies located?
the brain + spinal cord
81
what is the synapse?
region where communication occurs between 2 neurons/between a neuron and a target cell
82
what is the synaptic cleft?
a gap between the 2 cells at a synapse
83
what is the synaptic end bulb?
the part of the motor neuron axon that terminates on the muscle
84
location of the synaptic vesicle?
located at the synaptic end bulb and contain the ACh
85
what is a neurotransmitter?
chemical messenger
86
what is the motor end plate?
the region of the sarcolemma opposite the synaptic end bulbs
87
ACh receptor function?
to bind ACh neurotransmitters to allow Na+ to flow into the cell
88
what is a nerve impulse?
electrical signal/action potential
89
What is the neurotransmitter that is released at the NMJ?
ACh
90
what ion channels are ACh receptors?
ligand gated ion channels
91
where are the ligand gated ion channels located?
present on the motor end plate
92
how is the action potential generated ?
by the entry of Na+ ions through the ACh receptors
93
what are T tubules ?
tunnels from the surface of the sarcolemma going in towards the center of the cell
94
what structure transmit the action potential rapidly to the SR?
T tubules
95
what happens once the action potential has reached the SR?
Ca+ is released, which unities muscle contraction
96
what happens to the sarcomere to initiate contraction when calcium and ATP are available?
the sliding filament theory
97
what is the sliding filament theory?
when thick filament pulls thin filaments past it/overlap each other
98
what is the scientific terms for a joint?
an ARTICULATION
(OR arthrosis (singular), arthroses (plural)
99
what is the study of joints?
arthrology
100
what is the study of motion ?
kinesiology
101
what are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
102
what is the fibrous structural classification (joints)?
when bones held together by dense regular CT
103
what is the cartilaginous structural classification (joints)?
when bones are joined by cartilage
104
what is the synovial structural classification (joints)?
when bones are separated by a fluid-filled cavity
105
what are the 3 function classifications of joints?
1. synarthrosis
2. amphiarthrosis
3. diarthrosis
106
what is the synarthrosis function classification (joints)?
is an immobile joint
107
what is the amphiarthrosis function classification (joints)?
is a slightly mobile joint
108
what is the diarthrosis function classification (joints)?
is a freely moveable joint
109
what is a sprain?
twisting of join that stretches or tears ligaments + swelling and damage of nearby blood vessels
110
what is a strain
overstretched or partially torn muscle + generally less serious
111
what are bursa?
fluid-filled sacs outside most synovial joints where ligaments, muscles, tendons or bones rub
112
what are a tendon sheaths?
elongated bursae around tendons where they rub (ex: wrist + ankle)
113
male pelvic arch is what?
more triangular
114
female pelvic arch is what?
bigger than 90 degree angle
115
flexion
bending movement that DECREASES angle
116
extension
bending movement that INCREASES angle
117
hyperextension
abnormal/excessive extension
118
abduction
away from midline
119
adduction
towards the midline
120
circumduction
one region stays stationary and the other end makes a circular motions
121
rotation
rotation away/towards midline of body
122
elevation
movement in superior direction
123
depression
movement in inferior direction
124
protraction
pushing shoulder blades together = scapula protrude out of body
125
retraction
"hunching shoulders"
126
inversion
foot IN towards body
127
eversion
foot OUT, sole of foot faces away from body
128
dorsiflexion
toes up toward body
129
plantarflexion
point toes down away from body
130
supination
palms facing anteriorly
131
pronation
palms facing posteriorly
132
flexion of wrist
move hand/wrist towards body (anterior)
133
extension of wrist
move hand away from body (posterior)
134
longus in muscle names means what?
tendon is long NOT the muscle
135
what's another term for dislocated?
luxated
136
what is a dislocated bone?
displacement/separation of 2 bones where they meet at a joint
137
what is a common dislocation?
patellar luxation
138
what are the components of a typical synovial joint?
- Articular capsule
- Joint cavity
- Synovial fluid
- Articular cartilage
- Ligaments
- Nerves + blood vessels
139
what are the major joints of the axial skeleton ?
temporomandibular joint + intervertebral articulations
140
what are the major joints of the upper appendicular skeleton?
glenohumeral joint
141
what are the major joints of the lower appendicular skeleton?
tibiofemoral joint
142
what are the 6 ligaments in the knee?
- lateral collateral
- medial collateral
- anterior cruciate ligament
- posterior cruciate ligament
- lateral meniscus
- medial meniscus
143
when pronating what happens to the radius + ulna?
ulna = rigid
radius = ONLY moves
144
what cell isn't derived from a MSC cell?
osteoclasts
145
what is the epiphyseal line?
what is left after the growth plate is replaced
146
what membrane is in between the ulna+radius AND in between the tibia and fibula?
interosseous membrane
147
what is the fibrous band on the anterior side of the wrist?
flexor retinaculum
148
what is the fibrous band on the posterior side of the wrist?
extensor retinaculum
149
what are the 4 rotator cuff muscles ?
1. subscapularis
2. supraspinatus
3. infraspinatus
4. teres minor
150
what 4 muscles make up the quads?
1. rectus femoris
2. vastus intermedius
3. vastus lateralis
4. vastus medialis
151
what 3 muscles make up the hamstrings?
1. biceps femoris
2. semimembranosus
2. semitendinosus
