Midterm 2

Question 1

Where does C4 happen?

Answer 1

mesophyll–> bundle sheaths

Question 2

what takes up CO2 in C4

Answer 2

PEP Carboxylase

Question 3

2 costs of C4

Answer 3

1. energetically costly to create bundle sheaths
2. requires 5 ATP (C3 requires 3 ATP)

Question 4

Explain CAM

Answer 4

Useful in dry environments to minimize photorespiration. Separates in time. Open stomata at night to collect CO2 and complete fixing during the day).

Question 5

Good/Bad of CAM

Answer 5

1. high water efficiency
2. slow growth

Question 6

Which isotope does Rubisco prefer

Answer 6

12C - can move faster

Question 7

Photorespiration

Answer 7

Acts on Oxygen instead of CO2, when oxygen and temperature are high- huge waste of energy. C3 can’t combat this.

Question 8

3 steps of Carbon Cycle

Answer 8

1. carbon is fixed
2. rearranged to 3C
3. RUBP regenerated

Question 9

Stroma

Answer 9

internal non-membranous region in chloroplast: carbon fixation reactions

Question 10

Thylakoids

Answer 10

membranous vesicle, light reactions

Question 11

Grana

Answer 11

stacked thylakoids

Question 12

Male sex organ

Answer 12

antheridium

Question 13

female sex organ

Answer 13

archegonium

Question 14

5 classic plant hormones

Answer 14

auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, ethylene, abscisic acid

Question 15

auxins

Answer 15

– apical meristem–
suppress growth of lateral buds

Question 16

phototropism

Answer 16

light induced movement through auxins. light induces auxin away from source

Question 17

cytokinins

Answer 17

– root tips–
rapid production of new cells

Question 18

cytokinin:auxin

Answer 18

1. propagate clones
2. genetic modification

Question 19

gibberellins

Answer 19

–young shoots and developing seeds–
controls rate of stem elongation
treat dwarf plants

Question 20

ethylene

Answer 20

fruit ripening

Question 21

abscisic acid (aba)

Answer 21

synthesized in mature leaves/roots (+ seeds)

stomatal conductance, dormancy, slow growth
prevents seed germination

Question 22

GA: seed germination

Answer 22

water stimulates in the aleurone layer which produces amylases that break starches down into sugar and amino acids

Question 23

ethylene: seedling emergence (3)

Answer 23

1. inhibit stem+ root
2. swell stems - strength
3. hook (auxins) stems - protect meristems

Question 24

rubisco

Answer 24

enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide fixation

Question 25

dichogamy

Answer 25

different timing of presentation of stamen and pistil

Question 26

heteromorphism

Answer 26

different physical presentation

Question 27

heterostyly

Answer 27

different lengths of style

Question 28

4 advantages to seeds

Answer 28

dormancy, dispersal, nutrient reserves, protection

Question 29

4 things that conifers have

Answer 29

simple needle, seed cones, pollen condes, tracheids

Question 30

spermatophyte

Answer 30

seed producing plant

Question 31

double fertilization

Answer 31

3n. sperm fertlizes the egg and the polar nuclei (becomes tissue--> endosperm) that is nutritious for the embryo.

Question 32

monocote characteristics

Answer 32

1 cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, 3 flower multiples, vascular bundles are scattered

Question 33

dicote characteristics

Answer 33

2 cotyledon, netlike venation, 4/5 multiples, vascular bundles are in rings

Question 34

asexual seed production

Answer 34

apomixis

Question 35

3 generations in conifer seed

Answer 35

seed coat, food supply, embryo

Question 36

homoplasy

Answer 36

development of organs/ body structures in different species that resemble each other/ take on the same function but don't have common ancestor origin

Question 37

hydroids and leptiods

Answer 37

Cylinder of water-conducting cells (the hydroids) surrounded by layers of living cells (leptoids) that conduct the sugars and other organic substances manufactured by the gametophore.

Question 38

1 leaf venation in lycophytes

Answer 38

microphylls

Question 39

endosporic development

Answer 39

gametophyte develops within the spore