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Drugs and Behaviour > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarize the absorption process for alcohol
What factors affect absorption?

A

Slow in stomach, fast in intestine
Molecules are unionized, pass membrane easily
Speed of absorption depends on gastric emptying
Concentration dependent diffusion

Affected by: having food in stomach, sex, ethnicity, age, drinking history, medications

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2
Q

Summarize the distribution process for alcohol
What factors affect distribution?

A

More body water = lower BAC
Females have less body water

Sex, age

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3
Q

Summarize the Metabolism/Elimination process for alcohol
What factors affect Metabolism/Elimination?

A

First pass in liver
Zero-order elimination (steady rate)
Breakdown by MEOS - enzyme, 5-10%

Affected by: age, ethnicity, drinking history, eating

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4
Q

What neurotransmitters does alcohol affect?

A

Dopamine, GABA, Glutamate, Opioids

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5
Q

What GABA receptor does alcohol bind to? What effect does it have?

A

GABAa
Positive allosteric modulation: enhancing inhibitory effects of GABA
By increasing the frequency + duration of the Cl- channel opening and decreasing channel closing

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6
Q

What are the effects of alcohol on GABA pathways?

A

Positive reinforcement of DA reward pathway
Inhibits regions of PFC: deficits in decision making (hypofunction)
Inhibits cerebellum: loss of balance, coordination, motor control
Inhibits subcortical regions: changes in cognitive arousal, attention, memory, mood

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7
Q

What glutamate receptor does alcohol bind to? What effect does it have?

A

NMDA
Antagonist effect, decreases excitation
Alcohol binds within the ion channel, blocking the central pore

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8
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Glutamate receptors?

A

Inhibits PFC: Impulsivity, impaired control (hypofunction)
Inhibits cerebellum: Interferes with memory formation and neurogenesis
Inhibits subcortical regions

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9
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Opioid receptors?

A

Indirect effect
Peptide precursor: causes B endorphin release from the pituitary and hypothalamus

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10
Q

What effect does alcohol have on Opioid receptors?

A

Enhanced drug liking and pleasure
Increased B endorphin release + binding in NAcc
Met-enkephalin + dynorphin increase in NAcc

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11
Q

How does alcohol affect the DA pathway?

A

Increased GABA activity or decreased GLu activity increases the amount of DA in reinforcement pathway
Decreased GLu increases DA in mesocortical pathway

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12
Q

What is RO 15-4513? Describe its properties and effects

A

Synthesized drug by Hoffman-Laroche
Competitive antagonist to alcohol on GABAaR

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13
Q

Would RO 15-4513 be suitable to treat alcohol abuse disorder? Why/Why not?

A

Does not block lethal effects of alcohol
Can cause convulsions

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14
Q

Are there any benefits to alcohol consumption (behavioural or otherwise)?

A

LOW consumptions in older people: reduce relative risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack, diabetes, stroke, reduced blood clotting

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15
Q

What is a gamma alcoholic?

A

An alcoholic that cannot control their drinking and is physically dependent
Indicated by high levels of tolerance and withdrawal

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16
Q

What is a problem drinker according to Jellinek?

A

A person who drinks increasingly heavily and experiences frequent blackouts

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17
Q

How do non-alcoholics progress to gamma alcoholics?

A

Moderate-social drinking increases consistently, increasing until tolerance and withdrawal make them dependent

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18
Q

How might expectation impact the effects of alcohol?

A

The perceived effect of alcohol consumption may lead to increased drinking

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19
Q

_____ brought wine to the UK
_______ brought by irish settlers

A

Romans
Distillation

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20
Q

What is the temperance movement?
Did it work? (USA/CAN)

A

The push against drinking and alcohol consumption
USA: yes due to religious ties
CAN: yes, not as successful

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21
Q

At what levels does alcohol act as a stimulant?

A

Low to mid consumption - 50-150mg/100ml

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22
Q

At what levels does alcohol act as a depressant?

A

Mid to high consumption - >150-290mg/100mL

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23
Q

What is the lethal dose of alcohol?

A

Depends the person
For alcoholics it could be as high as 360mg/100mL

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24
Q

Generic name
Amytal, Nembutal, Luminal, Librium, Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril/Klonopin, Lunesta, Ambien, Buspar

A

Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Chlordiazepoxide, Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Diazepam, Flunitrazepam, Clonazepam, Eszopiclone, Zolpidem, Buspirone

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25
Drug class Amytal, Nembutal, Luminal, Librium, Xanax, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril, Lunesta, Ambien, Buspar
Barbiturates: Amytal, Nembutal,Luminal Benzodiazepines: Librium, Xanx, Ativan, Valium, Rohypnol, Rivotril Z drugs: Lunesta, Ambien, Other: Buspar
26
Main effects of Barbiturates? Licit use?
Muscle relaxation, lowered respiration/BP/heart rate, decreased time in REM and deep sleep Short term insomnia, anxiety, seizures
27
Main effects of Benzodiazepines? Licit use?
Muscle relaxation, anticonvulsant properties, increased appetite/weight gain, reduced sleep latency/night time awakening/time in REM/deep sleep, increased total sleep time Insomnia, anxiety, epilepsy, panic disorder
28
Main effects of Z-drugs? Licit use?
Psychomotor impairment, reduced sleep latency/night time awakening, increased total sleep time Insomnia
29
What is the main licit use of Buspirone?
Treatment of GAD
30
Summarize the neuropharmacology (binding and effect) of barbiturates
Barbiturates bind to GABAa receptor as positive allosteric modulators They increase the inhibitory effects of GABA by opening the Cl- channel into cell + hyperpolarizing cell
31
Which drugs (barb/benzo,z drug) have the highest abuse potential? How do we know?
Short acting barb. Anxiolytics that target a1 From self-administration tests and behavioural conditioning
32
What effects are common between barb., benzos, z drugs?
Psychomotor impairment
33
What are 2 specific memory effects of benzos?
1. Anterograde amnesia (new info aquisition) 2. Impaired implicit memory (task performance)
34
Amytal - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Amobarbital Blues/Blue heaven/Blue devils Barbiturate 45min-1hr Truth serum
35
Nembutal - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Pentobarbital Yellow jackets/mexican yellow Barbiturate 20-60 mins Suicide/Euth
36
Luminal - generic, street, class, speed
Phenobarbital Purple hearts/goof balls Barbiturate 5-30 mins
37
Valium - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Diazepam Eggs/Chill pills/Vallies Benzodiazepine 15-60 mins Euphoric effects
38
Rohypnol - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Flunitrazepam Date rape/roofies Benzodiazepine 15-20 mins Date rape use
39
Klonopin/Rivotril - generic, street, class, speed
Clonazepam K/K-pin/super valium Benzodiazepine 30-60 mins
40
Librium -generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Chlordiazepoxide Candy/Downers/Tranks Benzodiazepine 15-30 mins Self medication
41
Xanax - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Alprazolam Xan/Xannies/Footballs Benzodiazepine 10mins - 1hr Euphoric effects
42
Ativan - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Lorazepam Candy/Downer/Tranks Benzodiazepine 20-30min Date rape/self medication
43
Lunesta - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Eszopiclone Sleepers/Zombies/sleep-easies Z-drug < 1hr Sedative effects
44
Ambien - generic, street, class, speed, illicit use
Zolpidem R2/Roche/Roofies Z-drug 30mins - 1hr Euphoria, reward path
45
BuSpar - generic, class, licit use
Buspirone OTHER drug Treatment for GAD
46
How does alcohol affect self administration in animals and humans?
Reinforcing effect, lowered threshold for ICSS paradigm
47
What are the acute effects of alcohol?
Hangovers Withdrawal effects: sensitivity, rebound excitation Reproductive effects: increased erection time, reduced genital arousal in female bodies
48
What are the chronic effects of alcohol?
Brain damage Liver damage B1 deficiency Heart disease Fetal alcohol syndrome Alcohol use disorder
49
What are the NPI treatments for alcohol addiction?
Abstinence Harm reduction Contingency management (positive reinforcement)
50
The popularity of chewing tobacco in the USA can be contributed to what?
The rejection of European ideals and the independence from the crown
51
What are the different routes of administration for nicotine? List them by peak time
Inhalation: 7-15min Intranasal: 10min Buccal/Sublingual: 20-35min Transdermal: 4hr
52
Where does the most nicotine breakdown occur? What happens to it?
In the liver Breakdown by CYP2A6 enzyme to produce inactive metabolite
53
How do history, sex, pregnancy, age, food, menthol, genetics, and ions make nicotine elimination variable?
History: non smokers produce fewer enzymes Sex: female bodies clear nic faster Preg: faster elimination Age: slowed in older people Food: full stomach speeds elimination Menthol: Inhibits enzyme Genes: fast vs slow metabolizers Ions: >7 increases nic reabsorption
54
Is nicotine reinforcing? Why/Why not?
Yes Direct stimulation of DA reward path in NAcc Indirect stimulation (excitement) of GLu release onto DA neurons in VTA and NAcc
55
What are the risks of nicotine consumption/use?
Cancer Cardiovascular disease COPD - lungs Reproductive issues Nic poisoning
56
What are the pharmacotherapy treatments for nicotine addiction?
Replacement therapy: use different source of nic, gradual weaning Bupropion: reduce reward effect Varenicline: partial agonist on DA pathway, more likability
57
What is mecamylamine? How does it act? How/Why would you use this in discrimination?
A drug with an antagonist effect on the neuronal nAChRs If a stimulating property of nic can be blocked using it, it indicates the effect was a result of action on nAChRs
58
What risks does smoking / nicotine have for children?
Miscarried, premature, ill babies Nicotine poisoning from ingested products Leukemia, Lymphoma, brain cancer SIDS Secondhand and thirdhand smoke
59
What are mainstream, sidestream, thirdhand smoke?
Mainstream: the smoke exhaled by the smoker Sidestream: released from the cig between puffs Thirdhand: the tobacco's toxic particles that land and stay on surfaces
60
How do addiction models explain the need to smoke?
Constant level: attempt to avoid withdrawal and maintain constant level of nic in system Increased reinforce: attempt to reach highs of nic in brain Dual-reinforce: Sensory experiences / cues acquire reinforcing properties for smoking
61
What is the constant level theory? What study supports this?
The theory that people smoke to maintain a constant level of nicotine in their system to avoid withdrawal symptoms Study: 50% of smokers light up within 30mins of waking
62
What is the Bolus + Increased Reinforcement theory? What study can support this?
The theory that people smoke because of the pleasurable and reinforcing effects of a fast-high dose of nicotine Study: disproved - no spike in brain nicotine, but an increase in the concentration that never falls before next puff
63
What is the Dual-Reinforcement theory? What study can support this?
The theory that people continue smoking because the cues associated with it become secondary reinforcers Study: nicotine enhances the effect of weak reinforcers
64
Summarize the limitations the have impacted nicotine research
Design flaws/ shortcomings that make interpreting results difficult Lack placebo/control Lack double blind Expectancy and bias cannot be ruled out
65
What are the acute effects of nicotine? How does blood plasma relate to this?
Pleasure Rush/Buzz/High A study showed that maximal ratings of "high" occur as levels of nic in blood plasma increase
66
Summarize the effects of nicotine on B2 receptor subunit
Increased DA activity in NAcc when VTA is stimulated + self-admin nic normal dose. Improved cognitive function & exploratory behavior
67
Summarize the effects of nicotine on the a5 receptor subunit
Mediation of aversive effects of high nic levels Reduces self-administration in response to negative effects
68
How was drug discrimination used to determine the NT involved in the effects of alcohol?
Using: Serotonin receptor blockers Opioid receptor blockers Positive GABA modulators GLu receptor blockers
69
How does alcohol affect perception? How do can test this?
Lowered: visual accuracy, peripheral vision, sensitivity to taste/smell, pain sensitivity Critical flicker fusion test
70
How does alcohol affect sleep? In non-alcoholics and in chronic users
Non-alc: sleep aid, improved quantity and quality, REM rebound brings wakefulness Chronic: difficulty falling asleep, severe insomnia, altered sleep patterns
71
How does alcohol affect memory? In low and high quantities How can we test this?
Low-Mid: affect attention, encoding, retrieval of info, storage of info High: additional impaired accuracy of verbal memory, blackouts Memory scanning tests
72
How does alcohol affect motor performance?
Slows reaction time Decreased response speed and accuracy Poor hand-eye coordination Poor balance
73
How does alcohol affect driving ability?
Poor reaction time Poor error monitoring Poor orientation
74
How does alcohol affect disinhibition/behaviour control?
Increased impulsivity Improved performance in mild-anxiety-inducing tasks
75
What effects does alcohol have on the body in low and high quantities?
LOW: Flushed skin (dilated capillaries), Temporary warmth HIGH: Rapid heat loss BOTH: inhibits antidiuretic hormone - increased urine + water loss

Drugs and Behaviour (3 decks)

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