MIDTERM 2 Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Anno urbis conditae
A
the year the city was founded
2
Q
which rivers flow into Mediterranean Sea?
A
ebro
rhone
tiber
3
Q
what 3 agricultural areas did early Rome surround?
A
po valley and apulia
Tuscany
Lazio
4
Q
who lived in the gills around early Rome?
A
latins
5
Q
what group of people lived north of Rome in tuscany?
A
non indo-European Etruscans
6
Q
what group had crossed the alps and established in Po river valley in early Rome?
A
Celts
7
Q
Etruscans
A
700 BC
seers and divination
city founding had a “sign”
8
Q
who built the Main Street of Rome?
A
Etruscans
9
Q
what 4 myths were there for the founding of Rome
A
Romulus and remus
Aeneas, trojan who fled troy
rape of sabine women
rape of Lucretia
10
Q
legend of Horatius
A
citizen defending bridge over tiber to Rome
when bridge is destroyed plunges into water and swims to safety
11
Q
legend of cinncinatus
A
citizen soldier/farmer asked by senate to become dictator of Rome with 6 month term to protect Rome from aequi
defeated aequi in 15 days and returns back to farm
12
Q
who adopted the Cincinnati ideology?
A
George Washington
13
Q
how many magistrates was early Rome senate made up of?
A
300
14
Q
plebeian revolution and what forms out of it?
A
Patricians were mistreating plebes and they strike and swear oath to be loyal to eachother
forms council of plebes 471 BC and elects 2 tribunes to balance patrician consuls
law code called 12 tables was made
15
Q
when is Rome first sacked by Celts and Gauls?
A
390 BC
16
Q
what were the patricians and plebeians in the legion?
A
Patricians = officers
Plebians = soldiers
17
Q
4 classes of legion infantry soldiers
A
Velites
Hastai
Principes
Triarii
18
Q
Maniple
A
120 soldiers made up of 2 centuries or platoons of 60-80 soldiers
19
Q
cohorts
A
3 maniples
Burma of 30 calvary
20
Q
legions
A
made up of 10 cohorts 4500-500 men
cohorts switched to javelins and short swords
21
Q
who were commanders of the legion
A
proconsuls
praetors
dictators
22
Q
who were staff officers of the legion
A
quaestors
tribunes
legate
23
Q
centurions
A
plebeians
commanded centuries
24
Q
smallest unit in early legions
A
8-man tent group (contubernium)
commanded by junior leader called a decanus
25
how did centurions wear their crests
sideways
26
how many years military service was required to become officer?
10 years
27
what did centurions carry to encourage their armies?
sticks from grapevine
28
SPQR
Senate and people of Rome
29
Romes first great general
Marcus Furius Camillus
30
Sack of Rome 390 BC
Celts or gauls move into Po valley and invade central Italy
31
second Samnite war and what resulted from it?
roman army trapped and forced to surrender at battle of Caudine forks
roman accept armistice and reorganize army in checkerboard/cellular fashion
32
3rd Samnite war
Publius Decius Mus sacrificed his life; pushed romans to win war
33
war with pyrrhus
roman expansion into greek cities alarmed greek cities and they hire King Pyrrhus of Epirus and his Greek Macedonian-style phalanx to protect them
20,000 infantry, 3,000 calvary
34
Battle of Heraclea or Siris River
35,000 Romans versus 30,000 Greeks.
Pyrrhus wins with the aid of war elephants, which the Romans had never fought before.
The Romans lost some 15,000 men and Pyrrhus some 11,000.
35
Battle of Asculum
Pyrrhus won a hard fought two-day battle with Rome and her allies by using his elephants against the Roman cavalry.
36
Battle of Beneventum
Pyrrhus drove a Roman army back to its camp where the camp garrison managed to drive the elephants into the Greek phalanx causing confusion.
Pyrrhus is defeated with great loss
37
Carthage was founded by who?
Phoenicians in 800 BC
38
First Punic Wars
Rome decided to intervene in a war between two cities in Sicily, which had been colonized by the Greeks
Carthage regarded Sicily as being within its sphere of influence and so went to war with Rome
39
what was the first fight Corvus were used on ships?
Battle of Mylae
40
naval battle of drepana
had the chickens
41
who successfully defends against the Romans in Western Sicily
Hamilcar Barca
42
when is the first time in its recorded history Rome is at peace
235 BC
43
Illyrian War
Greek states ask Rome to rid the Adriatic Sea of pirates. Queen Teuta of Illyria has the Roman ambassadors murdered. A Roman army crushes Illyria.
44
Gallic Invasion of Central Italy 225-222 BC
Romans rally and defeat the Gauls, losing one of their generals in battle. Some 40,000 Gauls are slain, 10,000 captured and 20,000 escape.
45
The Second Punic War - war with Hannibal
Hannibal besieges Saguntum, a Greek city and a Roman ally in Spain.
Rome demands that the siege be stopped and Hannibal surrendered.
Carthage refuses and Rome declares war.
46
Battle of Trebia
Hannibal defeats a 40,000 man Roman army by concealing his brother Mago with an infantry and cavalry force in ravine where they could attack the Roman rear.
47
Battle of Lake Trasimene
Hannibal ambushes a Roman army of 30,000 on the main road by Lake Trasimene in heavy fog in a classic linear ambush.
10,000 Romans escape
48
Quintus Fabius “The Delayer”
avoids battle with Hannibal using “Fabian” tactics to delay and buy time for Rome to rebuild
49
Battle of Cannae
Rome assembles an army of 8 Roman and 8 Allied legions, 80,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry, under the command of Consuls Paulus (cool and cautious) and Varro (impetuous).
Hannibal is outnumbered two to one by the Romans; center fell back towards a river.
Hannibal’s flanking cavalry units chased off the Roman and Allied cavalry and then attacked the Roman rear as the flanking African infantry wheeled inwards on the Roman mass.
Romans were jammed together, unable to use their weapons and slaughtered. Some 60,000, including Paulus are killed
50
which battle has served as a model of the perfect battle to other generals?
Battle of Canae
51
First Macedonian War
Hannibal gets Philip V of Macedon to threaten to invade Italy
Rome is too busy with Hannibal to send ground forces but sends substantial naval forces to help its Greek allies fend off and distract the Macedonians.
52
who is the young roman who leads a bunch of romans out of the battle of canna?
Scipio
53
what does scipio do with the captured barbarian princess during taking of new Carthage?
sends her back to her fiancee and returns ransom parents offered for her back
54
what battle was Hannibals brother killed in?
battle of metaurus
55
when does scipio first meet Hannibal? who won that battle?
battle of Zama
Scipio
56
what happens to Hannibal after defeat of battle of Rama?
Hannibal steps down to civil governor of Carthage
57
why did Hannibal kill himself?
revived Carthage economy so well roman accused him of starting new war
flees and continues to be chased; kills himself to stop chasing
58
Second Macedonian War
Roman army attacked the Macedonian phalanx while it was in march formation from the flank on uneven ground in the fog in the Battle of Cynoscephalae and inflicted 13,000 casualties at the cost of a few hundred Romans
59
Third Macedonian War
Lucius Aemilius Paulus defeated the Macedonian phalanx at the Battle of Pydna
Paulus sent squads of Roman troops into the gaps that opened in the phalanx as it advanced on open ground. Once the Romans got inside the phalanx it fell apart
killed some 20,000 Macedonians and captured 11,000
60
How did the 3rd Punic War start?
Carthage had paid off 50 years of reparations of 200 talents a year.
The Carthaginians had a dispute with Numidia, an ally of Rome
61
The Third Punic War and the Destruction of Carthage
Rome demanded cessation of hostilities, 300 Carthaginian hostages, the surrender of its weapons, and the breaching of Carthage’s walls. Carthage did this but then refused Rome’s final demand to abandon the city and move inland.
Carthage citizens fight but around 90% are killed and the rest sold to slavery
Carthage destroyed by scipio; now called Africa
62
which roman ally gave up their kingdom to Rome?
king of Pergamum
gave Rome its first province in Asia to control Mediterranean Sea
63
where did Roman slaves during the Republic come from?
military conquest, piracy, abandoned children and the children of slaves.
64
what were the most expensive slaves?
educated/talented ones
65
latifundias
great roman farms
66
what was Cato the Elder's views toward slave treatment?
work them other death rather then replace
67
The First Servile War
Some 70,000 Sicily slaves successfully revolted for three years
68
The Second Servile War
slaves of Sicily seized most of the island. It took a Consular Army of 17,000 Roman soldiers to suppress it
69
The Third Servile War
Thracian gladiator named Spartacus led the most successful and terrifying of the slave rebellions in Southern Italy
Spartacus trained a slave army of 40,000 men. He defeated two consular armies and was able to equip his soldiers with captured weapons and armour.
70
who did Spartacus die in battle against?
Crassus
71
who was the head of the roman family?
Paterfamilias (dominant male)
72
cum manu
with legal control
73
sine manu
without legal control
74
oppian law and why it was issued
regulated how much gold jewellery and what sorts of fabrics and dresses patrician women could wear
imposed to save money during the War with Hannibal but remained on the record for six years after the war
75
Plautus
wrote comedies
characters were stock: dirty old men, clever slaves, generous prostitutes, and young men in love
drunkenness, gluttony, and womanizing
76
Terence
freed Carthaginian slave who wrote more subtle comedy, satire, for the more educated audience
77
Stoicism
orderly created universe and emphasis on duty and brotherhood
78
Epicureanism
saw the universe evolving from the random collision of atoms.
They enjoyed the simple pleasures of the senses and the company of good friends
79
example of concrete dome structure from Rome
Pantheon
80
insula
roman apartment buildings
81
what were roman secondary schools called?
grammar schools
82
what was roman state religion?
worship of a group of gods and goddesses
83
pontifex maximus
headed a college of 16 priests
choose the six girls between ages 6 and 10 who would be the Vestal Virgins of Rome.
84
Vestal Virgins
kept the sacred fire of Rome in the temple of Vesta burning
85
janus
spirit of the doorway
86
aediles
ran the games that were part of the festivals
often dipped into their own purses to provide extra special games in order to be elected to higher political offices
87
publicans
Private companies that collected taxes, constructed roads, and supplied the army
88
Who became wealthy building the roads and collecting the taxes as the empire expanded?
equestrians
89
nobiles
small circle of rich and powerful families, both patrician and plebeian that controlled the senate and the magistracies
90
2 parties of aristocrats
optimates
populares
91
Tiberius Gracchus
conservative aristocrat who wished to restore the peasant farm
elected a tribune of the plebs for 133 BC and took his land reform bill to council of the plebs
authorized the government to take state land from the large landowners and give it to the landless Romans
92
marian legion
grouped 6 centuries (or 3 maniples) into a cohort of some 500 –600 soldiers.
There were 10 cohorts in a legion
93
The Social War
Italian cities rose in revolt to obtain Roman citizenship
Italy south of the Po River got citizenship
Marius gave citizenship to those who fought for Rome and eventually those who laid down their weapons, also got citizenship.
94
Sulla and reign of terror
veteran general of the Social War and a former officer under Marius
returned from Asia and seized Rome in 82 BC
murdered his opponents and confiscated their property through the proscription list
became dictator, then restored the power of the senate and enlarged it by adding men from the equestrian order
95
Cicero
lawyer, an orator and a writer
became a consul in 63 BC. He wanted the social orders to work together.
uncovered and spoke against the Catiline Conspiracy
96
The First Triumvirate and how did each person benefit?
Caesar Crassus and Pompey
Caesar was elected consul, Pompey got land for his veterans, and Crassus’ equestrian friends got a reduction on the tax contracts they had over bid on
97
biggest battle in conquest of gaul
siege of Alesia
98
how many times does caesar invade Britain?
2
99
which battle was Crassus killed in?
Battle of Carrhae
100
which territory in gaul would never be conquered by romans?
Parthia
101
The Great Roman Civil War
Pompey has the Senate order Caesar to disband his legions and return to Rome
Caesar crossed the Rubicon with one legion, headed directly for Rome, and drove Pompey out
Pompey flees and caesar follows
102
Battle of Pharsalus
Caesar has only 30,000 infantry and 1000 cavalry
Pompey has 60,000 infantry and 7,000 cavalry
Caesar sought battle; Pompey attempted to avoid it
103
who kills Pompey? how does caesar react?
Egyptians
caesar was not happy
104
when was caesar assassinated?
ides of March (march 15)
44 BC
105
The Second Triumvirate
Mark Antony and Lepidus, are joined by Caesar’s 18-year old grandnephew and heir, Octavian
defeat the conspirators Brutus and Cassius in battle
Octavian attempted a union with Mark Antony by marrying his sister Octavia to him
Lepidus was dropped from the triumvirate and Antony went to Egypt to be with Cleopatra and have children with her.
Octavian declared war on Cleopatra and defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the sea battle of Actium in 31 BC.
106
octavia
good woman
107
the first roman emperor
caesar augustus (Octavian)
was awarded the title after victory at Actium
Brought Pax Romana (peace of Rome)
108
princeps
