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ZOOL 325 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the vertebrate skull?

A

chondrocranium, splanchonacrium, and dermatocranium

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2
Q

what is the chondrocranium?

A

the braincase - endochondral ossification

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3
Q

what is the splanchnocranium?

A

gill arches and core parts of the upper and lower jaws - endochondral ossification

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4
Q

what is the dermatocranium?

A

exterior covering of the skull and lower jaw - intramembranous ossification

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5
Q

define endochondral ossification

A

hyaline cartilage is replaced by bony tissue

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6
Q

define intramembranous ossificiation

A

bones develop from mesenchymal connective tissue

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7
Q

where does the chondrocranium develop from?

A

neural crest and mesenchyme - becomes bone and cartilage in adults

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8
Q

what are nasal, optic, and optic capsules associated with?

A

nose, eyes, and ears

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9
Q

early chondrocranial dev: what are the 3 bars of cartilage in embryo?

A

trabeculae, parachordals, and occipitals

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10
Q

late chondrocranial dev: what do the bars of cartilage fuse into?

A

ethmoid plate, basal plate, and occipital arch

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11
Q

what is unique about osteichthyan cartilage fusion?

A

they ossify to produce the bones of the braincase

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12
Q

where does splanchnocranium develop from?

A

neural crest cells

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13
Q

what are the parts of the splanchnocranium?

A

1st: mandibular arch = palatoquadrate cartilage and meckels cartilage
2nd: hyoid arch = hyomandibula and ceratohyal

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14
Q

splanchnocranium: what are the 5 branchial arches?

A
  • support gills in fish
  • pharyngobrnachial, epibranchial, ceratobranchial, hypobranchial, and basibranchial
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15
Q

what are the hypothesis of jaw evolution?

A

1st arch became the mandibular arch and the 2nd became the hyoid BUT there is evidence that jaws didn’t come from pre-existing arches, rather from other mouth tissues

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16
Q

explain autostyly jaw suspension

A
  • palatoquadrate is fused in skull and attached to mandible
  • hyoid arch has no role in suspending the jaws
  • primitve condition, retained by ratfish, lungfish, and tetrapods
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17
Q

explain amphistyly jaw suspension?

A

jaws attached to skull via hyomandibula posteriorly and ligament anteriorly

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18
Q

explain hyostyly jaw suspension?

A

jaws attached to skull via hyomandibula

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19
Q

what are the origin of middle ear bones in tetrapods?

A
  • ossification in palatoquadrate and meckels cartilage
  • hyomandibula reduced to stapes, which is adapted for hearing in frogs and reptiles
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20
Q

what is the origin of mammal middle ear bones?

A
  • quadrate and articular transformed into middle ear bones (incus and malleus)
  • angular forms ectotympanic part of temporal bone
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21
Q

where does the dermatocranium develop from

A

from mesenchyme

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22
Q

what does the dermatocranium cover?

A

braincase and splanchnocranium forms roof, side walls, and palate of the skull - to provide protection and muscle attachment sites

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23
Q

what are the 6 series within the dermatocranium

A

facial, orbital, temporal, vault, palatal, and mandibular

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24
Q

what is special about dermatocranium evolution?

A

elements slowly fused into each other for more strength and complexity

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25
how would you describe cyclostome chondrocranium and splanchnocranium?
rudimentary and cartilaginous
26
how would you describe the skull of ostracoderms?
plates of dermal bone
27
what kind of jaw do placoderms and acanthodians have?
autostyly - upper jaw is bound to skull
28
explain the chondrichthyan skull
carilaginous chondrocranium and splanchnocranium
29
what jaw do chondrichthyans have?
amphistyly
30
explain osteichthyan skull
dermal bones sheathes chondrocraniu, and splanchnocranium - dermal bones connect skull to shoulder girdle
31
explain the skull of early tetrapods
reduction of dermal skull bones: opercular lost, pectoral girdle detaches from skull
32
explain lissamphibian skull
dermal bones fusion and reduction
33
explain amniote skull
skull fenestration, reduction of dermal bone
34
define cranial kinesis in actinopterygians
jaw movements that can change the size and shape of mouth = when mouth expands, suction feeding occurs
35
explain cranial kinesis in sarcopterygians
braincase ossifies so the snout can lifted
36
which groups lost cranial kinesis?
dipnoans, crocodilians, tetrapods, and turtles
37
explain cranial kinesis in reptiles
lizards and snakes have the ability to rotate their snout, palate, and quadrate
38
define external nares
nasal openings outside of skull - osteichthyan, osteolepiforms, tetrapods
39
define internal nares
nasal openings on the roof of the mouth - osteolepiforms, tetrapodsde
40
define primary palate
dermal bones anteriroly to the internal nares
41
define secondary palate
anteriorly hard bony plate and posteriorly soft palate to strengthen skull and separate mouth from nasal passage
42
what parts encompass the axial skeleton
vertebral column, ribs, gastralia, and skeletal elements that support median fins
43
vertebrae embryology: what happens to the epimere?
segmentally arranged into somites on each side of the skeleton
44
vertebrae embryology: what are the 3 mesodermal populations of the somite?
dermatome, mytome, and sclerotome
45
vertebrae embryology: what does the dermatome develop into?
dermis
46
vertebrae embryology: what does the myotome develop into?
musculature
47
vertebrae embryology: what does the sclerotome develop into?
vertebrae and ribs, settles along the notochord
48
vertebrae embryology: in teleosts, what is involved in intramembranous bone formation?
notochordal sheath
49
define resegmentation
cells from neighboring sclerotomes fuse as they move into position forming "secondary sclerotomes"
50
what do sclerotomes develop into around the notochord
perichordal tube
51
what is the notochord?
long continuous rod that is a hydrostatic organ - develops into nervous system
52
what is the function of the vertebrae?
protect spinal cord and muscle attachment
53
what supports the spinal chord?
neural canal
54
what are the 4 vertebral elements?
haemal arch and spine (tail), intercentrum, neural arch and spine, and pleurocentrum
55
centra: define siplospondyly
2 centra per segment: pleurocentrum and intercentrum - osteolepiforms, labyrinthodonts
56
centra: define monospondyly
1 centrum per segment - elasmobranchs, lissamphibians
57
what happens to the centra of the lepospondyly?
intercentrum
58
what centra do lissamphibians have?
pleurocentrum, instead of intercentrum
59
what happens to amniote centra?
pleurocentra dominate and intercentra is reduced
60
centra shape: describe amphicoelous
both surfaces are concave
61
centra shape: describe opishtocoelous
anterior is convex, while posterior is concave
62
centra shape: describe procoelous
anterior concave, posterior convex
63
centra shape: acoelous
both surfaces are flat
64
centra shape: heterocoelous
both surfaces are saddle shaped
65
what are the vertebral protrusions of tetrapods?
diapophysis
66
what are the vertebral protrusions of fishes ?
basopophyses
67
what protrusion contact heads of rib?
diapophysis and parapophysis
68
what protrusion contact ventral rib?
basopophysis
69
what protrusion connects neural arches?
zygapophysis
70
what are the zonations of the vertebral column?
trunk and caudal (tail), caudal, dorsal, sacral (pelvis), and cervical (neck)
71
what are the 2 heads of ribs and their functions?
tuberculum: contacts diapophysis
72
what are the components of actinopterygian ribs?
1 set of actual ribs and 1-3 sets of intermuscular bones
73
what are the components of tetrapod rib?
vertebral, intermediate, and sternal - plesiomorphic
74
what is unique about bird ribs?
cervical reduced, uncinate process on the cervical and dorsal ribs, sternal ossified, many sacral, caudal lost
75
what is unique about mammal ribs?
cervical, lumbar, and caudal are lost and thoracic region is defined
76
define gastralia and name its function
ventral dermal bones that provide protection and muscle attachment sites
77
what are fish tail shapes?
heterocercal, hypocercal, diphycercal, and homocercal
78
what are the components of the appendicular skeleton?
paired appendages on girdles: pectoral and pelvic
79
define striated muscle
external muscles of limbs, trunk, and jaws, made up of multinucleate cells, biggest cells in the body
80
what is red meat made out of and what is its function?
rich in myoglobin and for endurance
81
what is white meat made out of and what is its function?
poor in myoglobin and for rapid contraction
82
define smooth muscle
mononucleate cells, slow action, forms sheets arounf organs and blood vessels
83
define cardiac muscle
heart muscle, striated, mononucleate cells joined by discs
84
what does the mesenchyme develop into?
smooth muscle and viscera
85
what does the sphlanchnic layer of hypomere develop into?
smooth muscle of digestive tract and cardiac muscle
86
what does the somatic layer of the hypomere develop into?
skeletal muscles of limbs
87
what does the somitomeres develop into?
skeletal muscle of head and branchial arches
88
what does the myotomes of somites develop into?
skeletal muscle
89
what is the organization of the skeletal muscle?
muscles > fascicles > muscles cells (fibres) > myofibrils
90
collagenous sheaths: what surrounds muscles?
epimysium
91
collagenous sheaths: what surrounds fascicles?
perimysium
92
collagenous sheaths: what surrounds cells?
enodmysium
93
what casues contraction in sarcomeres?
sliding of the filaments (actin and myosin)
94
what creates the striated appearance in sarcomeres?
alteration between myosin-bearing and myosin-free parts
95
what are tendons?
connective tissue (collagen)
96
what does it mean if a muscle is in its active state?
force is produced, muscles contract, and high load causes muscle to stretch
97

ZOOL 325 (11 decks)

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