Midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

Diagnosis of speech and language disorders

Answer 1

○ Can be challenging sometimes as typical development varies greatly ■ Speech and language errors are observed in most children at young ages ■ Important to understand nature and severity of challenges ○ Tools: diagnostic ■ Help to discern typical development and differences (e.g., dialectical) vs delay vs disorder → and then educate ■ Nature vs severity

Answer 2

1. speech sound production 2. language 3. fluency 4. voice 5. feeding and swallowing

Answer 3

1. self care 2. learning 3. receptive and expressive communication 4. mobility 5. self direction 6. capacity for independent living 7. economic self sufficiency

Answer 4

Special education, 504 plans, caregiver training, AAC, outpatient services, and referrals and consults

Answer 5

○ Umbrella term ○ Impact individual’s ability to complete major life activities in 3 or more areas ○ Criteria: begins before age 22, sustained overtime

Answer 6

1. Intellectual disability (most common) 2. Cerebral palsy 3. Autism 4. Others

Answer 7

○⅓ genetic, ⅓ trauma/toxins, and ⅓ unknown ○ >350 causes ○ 3 main times ■ Prenatal, perinatal, postnatal

Answer 8

DD: diagnosed before age 22 and results in significant functional limitations in 3 or more major life activities ID: diagnosed before 18 and IQ < 70

Answer 9

1. Down syndrome 2. Fragile X Syndrome 3. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 4. Phenylketonuria 5. Klinefelter Syndrome 6. Williams Syndrome 7. Prader Willi Syndrome

Answer 10

ID < Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) < Other developmental delay ○ Diagnoses increase over time: due to increased awareness, refined screening tools ○ Diagnosed at higher rates among boys > girls ■ Disabilities showcased differently across boys and girls ○ Cultural differences could be due to distrust of the medical system (all subjective)

Answer 11

○Boys also diagnosed at higher rates, but the difference in rates between boys and girls is smaller ○ Many children diagnosed within 8-12 year and 13-17 year age ranges

Answer 12

■ Most commonly occurring chromosomal condition ■ ~1/700 babes in US ■ Increased life expectancy—most people with down syndrome remain under the care of a pediatrician, but they can benefit from transitioning to an adult physician ■ Common physical traits: low muscle tone, small stature, upward slant to eyes, deep crease across palm ■ Ranges & unique

Answer 13

3 types: 1- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) 2- Alcohol Related Neurodevelopment Disorder (ARND) 3- Alcohol Releated Birth Defects (ARBD) ■ Diagnosis characteristics: 2 or more craniofacial malformations and growth below 10th percentile ■ Prevalence : 40,000 babies each year in the US ■ Common characteristics: ID, sleep disturbances, motor dysfunctions, hyperactivity, hyper irritability, aggression, conduct issues

Answer 14

■Condition that affects male physical and cognitive development ■ Prevalence: 1 in 500/1000 males ■ Common physical traits: sterile, underdevelopment of male sex organs, abnormal body proportion, less body hair, tall, big breasts ■ Characteristics: mild ID, SLD, poor social skills, auditory perception, and language

Answer 15

■ Most common inherited cause of ID (most common after Down syndrome) ■ Females more mildly affected ■ Gene abnormality ■ Common physical traits: large ears, elongated facial appearance, flexible joints, flat feet, large testicles ■ Characteristics / common conditions: social anxiety and avoidance ■ ⅓ of children with FXS are also diagnosed with autism ■ ~2-8% of children with autism are diagnosed with FXS ■ Impact of FXS & autism diagnosis simultaneously

Answer 16

■Cause: deletion of material on 7th chromosome ■ Prevalence: 1 in 10,000 people worldwide ■ Common characteristics: elf features, friendly, mild to moderate ID, learning problems, hyperactive

Answer 17

■ Genetically inherited metabolic disorder ■ Born w/o an enzyme responsible for breaking down phenylalanine → tyrosine; resulting in brain damage and physical disabilities ■ Characteristics: severe ID, aggressiveness, hyperactivity ■ Eliminated with screening in the US!!!!! ■ Treated with special diet

Answer 18

■ Most common known genetic cause of life-threatening obesity in children ■ Continuously hungry w/ lower metabolism ■ Chromosomal cause (#15) ■ Prevalence: 1 in 10-25,000 births ■ Physical characteristics: hypotonia, small hands and feet, short incomplete sexual development ■ Behavioral characteristics: mild ID, learning difficulty, impulsivity, aggressiveness, tantrums, OCD, delayed motor skills ■ May be classified as DD if IQ > 70 or as ID if IQ < 70

Answer 19

Check slide 26! ■ 3/3 symptoms (A1, A2, and A3) ■ 2/4 symptoms (among B1, B2, B3, and B4) ■ 2 additional symptom criteria (C and D)

Answer 20

more in boys delay in diagnosis

Answer 21

■ Cognitive ■ Social skills ■ Communication and language deficits

Answer 22

1. prefer to play alone 2. prefer predictable play 3. may not respond to verbal cues 4. late speech or not at all 5. poor eye contact 6. hard to express needs and emotions 7. repetition in language or movement 8. distressed by changes 9. strong interests

Answer 23

Functional vs unintentional ■ Functional: when child memorizes a saying but it has a purpose ■ Unintentional: involuntary repeating of something they have heard

Answer 24

○Globally: 7.9% ○ In-college: 10-20% of women and 4-10% in men (increasing) ○ BIPOC: similar rates of EDs across non-Hispanic white, Black, and Asian - BIPOC significantly less likely to receive treatment ○ LGBTQ+ ■ Transgender people - higher rates of incidence compared to cisgender peers ■ Homosexual and bisexual teens report higher rates of ED symptoms ■ Homosexual and bisexual men have greater lifetime prevalence of any subclinical (below clinical threshold) ED and clinical (meets diagnostic criteria) BN

Answer 25

○ Eating disorders are multi-determined biopsychosocial disorders ○ Biological + social + psychological factors → overlap to influence mental health

Answer 26

■ Healthy attitudes to eating, exercise, and body image ■ Body neutrality - no thoughts of wanting to change your body

Answer 27

■ Unhealthy attitudes or relationship with eating, exercise, and body image ■ Thinking about changing your body, introducing some behaviors (i.e. restricting some food groups)

Answer 28

■ Eating disorders and related conditions ■ Can be very serious and life threatening ■ Involves persistent disturbance ■ EDs are progressive - typically worsen over time

Answer 29

■ Binge Eating Disorder Cycle (may be no visible signs) ■ DSM: An episode where an individual feels a loss of control and eats more than what a person would eat in a 2-hour period (consumption tends to be more relative to how a person normally eats → ex: eating more than usual for someone who restrictively eats) ■ Almost half affected are male (~40%) ■ Most common

Answer 30

■ Bulimia Nervosa Cycle ■ Compensatory behaviors

Answer 31

■ Intense fear of weight gain underscores AN ■ ALWAYS has a restrictive component ■ Many experience body dysmorphic disorder ■ Sometimes there is a component of denial (changes in brain chemistry can make people feel like they are not suffering the way other people are)

Answer 32

least common

Answer 33

○ People with orthorexia may be diagnosed with OFSED ○ Can sometimes start out as people with genetic/hereditary health concerns that progress ○ Unable to go out to eat due to loss of control

Answer 34

○ Health-seeking through including nutritious foods ○ Motivated by a desire to live a healthy life ○ Promotes a feeling of accomplishment – yet allows for flexibility ○ Allows for enjoyment of food as one of many aspects of a balanced life ○ Promotes social interactions and relationships ○ Promotes health and successful physical functioning

Answer 35

○ Causes isolation and interferes with relationships ○ Views food as source of fear and danger that must be controlled ○ Success depends on adherence to food rules… mistakes are unacceptable ○ Motivated by a need to manage anxiety ○ Health-seeking through excluding unacceptable foods ○ Seeks health but deteriorates it and impairs functioning

Answer 36

○ REDS Health Conceptual Model ○ REDS Performance Conceptual Model ○ 70% Basal energy requirements + 30% activity energy requirements ■ For athletes, the activity energy requirements are higher ■ Meeting less than 70% of needs for a prolonged period of time = low energy availability ■ Body will pull back on essential bodily functions if energy requirements are not met

Answer 37

Building supportive environments and social connections - since EDs thrive in isolation

Answer 38

○ ⅓ of parents noticing differences before child’s first birthday ○ Age 2 diagnosis = reliable, valid, and stable diagnosis at age 9 ○ Majority of kids do not receive diagnosis until they are between the ages of 4 and 5.7

Answer 39

■ CARS-2 - observing and rating items, more interaction-focused (4-5 years old) ■ ADI-R ■ ADOS assessments