Midterm 2 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Define health psychology
A
Subfield focused on the psychological factors related to wellness
2
Q
Define stress
A
the response to (events)that threaten or CHALLENGE a person
Threaten- Negative connotation
Challenge- Positive connotation
ex. Midterms
3
Q
Define psychophysiological disorders
A
(Body tied to mind)
-when more stressed you do not function properly physically
4
Q
Eustress vs. distress
A
- Eustress (seen as challenge)
- Distress (Give up, more likely to get sick)
5
Q
How is stress related to immune system functioning?
A
keeps us healthy, the more stressed the more likely to get sick
6
Q
Fight or flight
A
response of sympathetic nervous system to a stressful event; fight or flee; involves high heart rate, clammy hands, blood clotting
7
Q
General adaptation syndrome (GAS); know significance of each stage.
A
-Stage 1: Alarm and mobilize;( becoming aware of a stressor/ recognize)( going back to school from vacation)
-stage 2: Resistant stage (making a plan how to adapt & cope)
-stage 3: Exhaustion Stage (negative consequences of prolonged)
* if you do a good job and cope with stage 1 will not go through stage 3
8
Q
Be able to categorize stressors
A
- Catastrophes(floods, earthquakes, 6 months traumatized)
- Daily Hassles(traffic, pollution, taking kids to school )
- Major life events (getting married, graduating, having a baby)
9
Q
Type A personalities
A
-competitive
-urgent about time (traffic jams)
-Aggressive (harmful-bad/ independent- good)
-driven regarding their work
-Hostile both verbally and non verbally
(extreme rate of heart disease)
10
Q
Type B personalities
A
-more cooperative
-far less competitive
-not especially time-oriented
-not usually aggressive, driven, or hostile
(not productive, not high quality of life)
11
Q
Coping
A
the efforts to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate stressors
- Emotion focused coping
- Problem focused coping
12
Q
Emotion focused vs. problem focused coping.
A
- Emotion- Method of Managing Emotions to change the way one feels or perceives a problem (ex. being happy for some ones loss and excepting that they are in a better place)
- Problem-attempts to modify the stressful problem
(proactive: sit down and modify)
13
Q
Significance of social support?
A
child care for parents, people who help you and you benefit
(allow you to express yourself)
14
Q
What is invisible support?
A
when someone ask how can i help
(ppl who care about you ask you because they’re not going to wait for you to ask)
15
Q
Define behaviorism
A
-Objectivity of Overt behavior
(the way we act toward society)
overt- shows feelings (does not care what others think)
16
Q
Define conditioning
A
the processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli
17
Q
Define associative learning
A
paring- (ex. running a red light w/ getting a ticket),
- learning that certain events occur together
18
Q
Psych definition of learning
A
change in behavior due to experience
19
Q
primary theory/research: Watson
A
- behaviorism
- trained little Albert to to fear white, soft things (white rats w/ loud noise)
- Associative learning
20
Q
primary theory/research: Thorndike
A
- Law of Effect
- responses associated w/ satisfaction MORE likely to do again (reoccur)
- responses associated w/ discomfort LESS likely to do again (not reoccur)
21
Q
primary theory/research:Pavlov
A
(Russian Physiologist)
Both occur naturally
-UCS- food is a unconditioned stimulus
-UCR- salivating is an unconditioned response
Both are conditioned
CS- bell is conditioned stimulus, as food
CR- salivation to the bell is a conditioned response
22
Q
primary theory/research:Bandura
A
Social Learning
- Modeling and imitation
- Antisocial- inappropriate behaviors (bby saying bad words)
- pro social- appropriate behaviors (saying please and thank you)
ex. Bobo doll experiment
23
Q
Who was Little Albert and what relevance does he have to psychology?
A
- Watson
- little baby that was trained to associate white rats w/ loud noises (overt/ expressed behaviors)
- change in behavior due to experience
24
Q
Classical conditioning-
A
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events(Ivan Pavlo)
25
Define Classical conditioning terms, and be able to distinguish each in the dog experiment and other examples. Who created this experiment?
-(UCS) Unconditioned Stimuli- Food elicits response naturally
-(UCR) Unconditioned Response-Salivation response occurs naturally
-(CS) Conditioned Stimuli- Trained to hear the bell & think food
-(CR) Conditioned Response- produced salivation
\*stimulus- can be changed, reaction- stays the same
(created by Pavlo)
26
What are some real life applications of classical conditioning?
hearing loud thunder, and jumping
UCS- loud noise of thunder
UCR- jumping in response to loud noise
CS- lightning with loud noise
CR- jumping to lightning bolt
27
OPERANT CONDITIONING - definition
A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time; shaping/guiding a natural behavior toward a desired behavior
28
Main principle of Thorndike's law of effect.
-a response is more likely to reoccur when associated w/ satisfaction, & is less likely to occur when associated with discomfort
29
Box - operant chamber - what could it do?)
Skinner invented the box
- helped develop his theory
- A behavior is instrumental in producing a reinforcement, or avoiding a punishment
30
Who is Sniffy?
The rat of Skinner's Box chamber experiment
31
operant conditioning principles:
-shaping
-reinforcement (positive/negative- behavior increases)
positive -desired stimulus is applied (given snack)
negative- undesired stimulus removed (no more chores)
-Punishment(positive/negative- behavior decreases)
positive- undesired stimuli applied(time out)
negative-desired stimuli taken away (cell phone token away)
32
What Skinner wanted operant conditioning to be used for
(improvement of humankind)
study behavior
33
Social learning
- created by Albert Bandura
| (Bobo experiment)
34
aggression with bobo
- Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy.
- mimic
35
principles of modeling & imitation
- Antisocial- inappropriate behavior (toddler saying bad wors)
- Pro-social- appropriate behaviors (saying please & thank you)
36
Do we imitate both antisocial and pro-social behaviors according to Bandura?
yes, we imitate both
37
Definition & purpose of motivation:
- a need, a desire, an interest
- energizes & maintains behavior
- Directs behavior toward a goal
38
What is Homeostasis?
Physiological balance; satiation(cycle)-happens all over again
39
Drive reduction theory
What does that theory not explain?
-1st- drive: Arousal caused by survival needs
-2nd-Motivation act: Determined to reduce need
-3rd-Consummatory response: Fulfilling need & reducing drive
-4th-Homeostasis:state of being healthy & balanced
-5th-Deprivation:reduction of biological needs
-6th-Need: something to satisfy body imbalance
(process begins again)
\*Doesn't explain needs from wants
(regular toilet seat/ golden toilet seat)
40
Maslow's hierarchy of needs - motivators at each level; order of the hierarchy.
1st- Self Actualization: Authenticity, helping others,meaningfulness, playfulness
2nd- Self-Esteem: describing success the way society does
3rd- Love & Belongingness:
4th- Safety & Security:
5th-Physiological Needs: Air, Water, Food, Shelter, sleep, sex
41
Which perspective of psychology was Maslow's focus?
Humanistic Psychology
42
What is humanistic psychology?
- stresses a POSITIVE view of human nature & the strong belief in psychological homeostasis
43
Psychological homeostasis and what it means to say some needs take precedence over others
certain needs are way more important than others
| (ex. really hungry but have class @ 10, ur going to go eat cause its way more important)
44
Know differences between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation
- Intrinsic-(comes within self) when you love doing something and get a sense of satisfaction from it.(playing hand ball)
- Extrinsic-(comes from others),awarded to do something, badges, competition, fear of failure (Exercise you lose weight)
45
Three components of emotion
William James
- Physiological arousal (often indistinguishable- bodily reactions are the same when Angry, Mad, or Sad )
- Expressive Behavior (laughing, crying)
- Conscious Experience (Knowing how you actually feel happy, sad, or mad)
46
Importance of universal facial expressions
we need to be able to understand an individuals emotions to comfort or stay away
47
Why is a computer used as the analogy of human information processing?
- Encoding (info. processed) Acquisition
- Storage retention (stores info)
- retrial (retrieve when needed)
48
What subfield of psychology is memory studied under?
Cognitive Psychology
49
Acquisition
encoding (processed)
- Automatic Processing
- Effortful Processing
50
Automatic processing
(ex. knowing how to get home, knowing where you parked your car)
51
Effortful processing
\*Rehearsal (practice/ study)
\*Spacing effect (Space out learning, 10 min a day)
-Serial position effect (the things we remember are at the beginning and end not so much the middle, list of words)
52
What is the importance of meaningfulness?
Retention(storage)
-make what you are learning familiar to something you have heared and seen many times
53
How does imagery affect memory?
Retention(storage)
when we think of the concept we tend to associate it with a image so we can recall it easier
54
Mnemonics -
Mental Memory Aids (Retrieval)
- Chunking-divide (something) into chunks
- Rhymes
- Acronyms- ex."PEMDAS"
- Acrostics-ex. Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally
55
What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage processing model?
- Sensory Memory(iconic/echoic)
- Short-term memory
- Long-term memory(essentially unlimited)
56
What is sensory memory
- iconic: Visual sense (eye)
- echoic: sound sense (sound)
57
What is the capacity (time and amount) of short-term memory, of long-term memory?
- Short Term- (last only seconds/ remember 7 items)
- Long Term- (essentially unlimited/ retrieval )
58
retrieval:
- Recall
- Recognition
59
recall vs. recognition.
- recall:Given a question and have to recall answer
- recognition: Read and recognize
60
Be able to discuss explanations of forgetting:
- Encoding failure- if we don't process we wont remember
- storage decay- Things we don't need to remember tend to forget (ex. professor's names)
- Retrieval failure- study & when it come to test blank out
- Interference-"stroop effect", read colors & say color of words
- Tip-of-the-tongue-is also interference, know letters, sounds.
- False memory-apparent recollection of an event that did not actually occur
- Infantile Amnesia-Do not remember events from age 4
61
What is cognitive psychology?
(How we think)
- Solve Problems
- Make Decisions
- Remember
- Learn &use language
62
"Ask and it will be given to you; seek and you will find; knock and the door will be opened to you.
Matthew 7:7
63
What is intelligence?
being able to adapt to situations
64
Uni-dimensional vs. multidimensional
- Uni-dimensional (one aspect)
- Multidimensional ( multi. aspect)
65
Howard Gardner's theory
(Theory of multiple intelligence)
- Verbal-Linguistic:learning w/ words,reading, listening,speaking..
- Mathematical-Logical:Learning w/ problem solving, numbers
- Musical: learning through songs, patterns, rhythms
- Visual-Spatial:learning w/ visual and organizing ideas (Mechan.)
- Bodily/ kinesthetic: Learning through interaction w/ environment
- Intrapersonal: working by yourself, feelings, values, attitudes
- Interpersonal: Working in a group, with others
- Naturalist: Learning through classifications
- Existential: (spiritual) learning by seeing big picture
66
Does the language we use affect our thoughts (linguistic relativity)?
Yes, language we use influences how we think
| (ex. create image of a judge, everyone has different image)
67
Natural selection
Introduced by Charles Darwin in " The origin of Species"in (1859)
68
Evolutionary psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
69
DNA
(Deoxiribose Nucleic Acid)
- your blue print
- two long twisted strands that contain genetic info
70
genes
A segment of DNA
71
chromosomes
- genes are organized and packaged in chromosomes
- 23 chromosomes from each parent total of 46
72
Human genome
an international study of the entire human genetic material
73
Genotype / phenotype
- Genotype: Genetic makeup/ blue print
- Phenotype:physical & physiological make-up(short, infertality)
74
Zygote
A fertilized egg
75
monozygotic-Identical twins
- one egg fertilized by single sperm, split into 2
- share all genes
- same sex
- more similar than fraternal twins
76
Di-zygotic-fraternal Twins
- separate eggs fertilized by separate sperm
- share only about half their genes
- gender differences
77
Heritability
Genetic Component
| (differences, intelligence, personality )
78
Artificial selection
A technique in which a breeder selects particular traits; can cause divergent evolution to occur
79
Species - typical behavior
Common expected behaviors shared by members of species
| (ex. matting patterns)
80
Parental investment
How each sex tens to behave
| (ex. mom- caregiver, dad- procider)
81
Sex -
.biological classification
XX Woman
XY Man
82
Gender
A set of behaviors that define individuals as boy/men or girl/ woman(Socially prescribed)
83
Primary sex characteristics
(important to reproduce)
- Gonads& internal sex organs
(ex. ovaries, testies)
- External Genitalia
84
Secondary sex characteristics
- Hormones
- Testosterone
- Gender identity
- Intersex
85
Hormones
characteristics
| (ex, height, breast, hips,mustache)
86
Gender identity
What you perceive your self as
| (ex. i believe i am to aggressive)
87
Intersex
-baby with a ambiguous genetail
88
Gender typing/ Gender typed
-Stereotyping/ expectations of an individual
89
Androgyny
-no stereotyping
-very neutral
(let individual pick personality)
90
Theories of gender development: Social learning, Gender schema
91
Gender roles in society
Expectation of society
| (ex. mom to stay home and watch kids, while dad is providing)
92
Gender stereotype
if dad is the caregiver then he is critizized
93
Sexual orientation
- refers to an enduring sexual attraction toward members of your own sex
