Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Who claimed to find Noah’s Ark?
A
Cornuke (rock looks like wood), Wyatt (in Turkey)
2
Q
When was the Black Sea actually flooded?
A
5500 BCE
3
Q
Earlier flood stories come from which cultures?
A
Sumerian, Akkadian, Epic of Gilgamesh
4
Q
Who claimed to find the Garden of Eden?
A
Sanders (in Turkey with NASA Satellite), Zarins (Persian Gulf), Rohl (Iran), Greenberg (Egypt)
5
Q
Who claimed to find Sodom and Gomorrah?
A
Wyatt (“brimstone”), Sanders (Under Dead Sea, NASA Satellite, NBC)
6
Q
Which two places might actually be Sodom and Gomorrah?
A
Bad edh-Dhra and Numeria (600 years too early)
7
Q
Who claimed to find the Ark of the Covenant?
A
Wyatt (Jeremiah’s Grotto, no camera), Crotser (Mt. Nebo, Jordan), Sanders (under Palestinian village), Cornuke (Aksum, Ethiopia, building that only let’s one guy in, brought my a son of Saul)
8
Q
What time frame did the Ark of the Covenant probably vanish?
A
970-586 BCE
9
Q
What is the Tanis hypothesis?
A
A pharaoh conquering Jerusalem took the Ark of the Covenant back to his capital of Tanis.
10
Q
Where did Louis and Mary Leaky work?
A
Olduvai Gorge, Kenya
11
Q
What did Louis and Mary discover at the Gorge?
A
Two teeth and jaw of 1.75 mya. Australopithecus boisei (dalmatian story)
12
Q
When did the Leakys (original) work at Olduvai?
A
1931-1959
13
Q
What did Richard Leaky find?`
A
1.6 mya Turkama Boy
14
Q
Leaky mother daughter team?
A
Meave (married to Richard) and Louise
15
Q
Meave and Louise 1999 discovered what?
A
3.5 mya skull
16
Q
Mary Leaky found hominid footprints where?
A
Laetoli, Tanzania
17
Q
How old were the Laetoli footprints?
A
3.5 - 3.8 mya
18
Q
When were the Laetoli footprints found?
A
1978-1979
19
Q
How many individuals were the Laetoli footprints?
A
Three
20
Q
Where were other footprints (similar to Laetoli) found?
A
Koobi Fora, Kenya
21
Q
How old were the footprints at Koobi Fora?
A
1.53-1.51 mya
22
Q
Who found Lucy?
A
Donald Johanson
23
Q
When was Lucy found?
A
1974
24
Q
Where was Lucy found?
A
Hadar, Ethiopia
25
How complete was Lucy?
40%
26
How old was Lucy?
2.9 mya
27
What species of hominid is Lucy?
Australopithecus afarensis
28
What was the recently discovered hominid?
Homo Naledi
29
Where was Homo Naledi found, when, and by who?
Rising Star Cave, South Africa, 2015, by Berger
30
What is the possible age of Homo Naledi?
2.8 mya
31
What was Piltdown Man?
A 40 year long hoax involving a supposed missing link found in England, "discovered" 1908-1915, skull was 600 yr old human jaw was orangutan w/ filed teeth
32
Who excavated the Mount Carmel Caves in Isreal?
Dorthy Garrod (1892-1968)
33
What was Mt. Carmel?
Where homo sapiens and Neanderthals interacted
34
When were the Mt. Carmel caves occupied?
500,000 to 90,000 years
35
Where Neaderthals lived at Mt. Carmel
Tabun Cave
36
Age of Tabun Cave
120,000 years old (has one of oldest known skeletons found in Isreal)
37
Where homo sapiens at Mt. Carmel lived
Skhul Cave
38
Three painted caves in Europe
Lascaux (France), Altamira (Spain), Chauvet (France)
39
Discovery of Lascaux Cave
Discovered by 4 teen boys and dog named Robot in 1940
40
Time period of Lascaux Cave
17000 BCE
41
Famous Lascaux paintings
Bulls, Chinese Horses
42
Discovery of Altmira cave
By hunter in 1868 and landowner and daughter in 1876
43
Time period of Altamira cave
12000 BCE
44
Famous Altarmia paintings
Polychrome ceiling with bison, horses, and deer
45
Discovery of Chauvet Cave
Discovered by Chauvet (authorized park ranger) in 1994
46
Time Period of Chauvet Cave
30000 BCE (oldest of 3)
47
Famous Chauvet Caves
Horses, rhinos, lions
48
What was the settlement agriculture movement called?
Neolithic Revolution
49
Where was the Neolithic revolution started?
The Fertile Crescent
50
Which settlement site might predated Neolithic Revolution?
Gobelki Tepe
51
Date of Gobelki Tepe
9600 BCE
52
When was Gobelki Tepe excavated?
1990s
53
Who excavated Gobelki Tepe?
Klaus Schmit
54
Where is Gobelki Tepe?
East Turkey/Fertile Crescent
55
What are the 2 things Gobelki Tepe is called?
"Oldest Temple" and "Oldest known monumental architecture"
56
Tom Knox/Cox/Sean Thomas proposed Gobelki Tepe to be what?
Garden of Eden
57
What is Jericho?
Site in Isreal, one of earliest inhabited and fortified places, oasis
58
Who was the first to excavate Jericho?
Garstang (1876-1956)
59
Who excavated Jericho and doubted Garstang's dating?
Kathleen Kenyon (1906-1978)
60
Which city did Garstang propose was Joshua's?
City 4 (Kenyon said 1000 years too early)
61
When did Kenyon excavate Jericho?
1950s
62
When did Garstang excavate Jericho?
1930-1936
63
When does Jericho date (oldest)
9000 BCE
64
When was the Tower of Jericho built?
7500 BCE (among earliest fort or storage, suggesting food surplus)
65
Jericho was....
domesticated but had no pottery
66
Jericho tomb
multiple burials (possible family tomb)
67
Jericho Skull period
Neolitic
68
Jericho Skull features
plastered with seashells for eyes
69
When did Italian-Palestinian team excavate Jericho?
1997-2000
70
Date of Catal Hoyuk
6500-5600 BCE
71
Where is Catal Hoyuk?
Turkey
72
Who first excavated Catal Hoyuk and when?
James Mellaart, 1961-1965
73
What was Catal Hoyuk?
A settlement where all houses were connected w/ no doors or windows and paintings of animals, hands, people, and hunts ( a lot of bulls) Big landscape painting (possible volcano)
74
Stuff found at Catal Hoyuk
Burial w/ goods and ochre, obsidian, bone antler, animal figures, "mother" figure
75
Who excavated Catal Hoyuk later and when?
Ian Hodder 1990s
76
Traditional/Culture historian archaeology
artifacts, focus on culture and history
77
Processual Archaeology
1.) Emphasizes evolutionary generalizations, not historical specifics
2.) Seeks universal laws
3.) Explanation is scientific
4.) Remains "objective"
1960s & 1970s
Binford mainly, Flannery a little bit
78
Post-Processual Archaeology
1.) Rejects cultural evolutionary generalizations
2.) Rejects search for universal laws
3.) Rejects explicitly scientific methods
4.) Realizes that total objectivity isn't possible
Ian Hodder
Returned to emphasis on culture and people
79
Who invented C-14 dating and when?
Willard Libby, 1949
80
What is the half life of Carbon-14?
5730 years
81
What was the problem with carbon-14?
Atmospheric carbon changes
82
What is tree ring dating?
Dendochronology
83
What is a brand new method to test fired pottery?
rehydroxylation
84
What is the problem with rehydroxylation?
If the pottery is rexposed to high temperatures
85
What is best/worst preserved?
```
Best= inorganic
Worst= organic
```
86
Places organic material can survive in + examples
1. ) Dry (Tut)
2. ) Wetlands (Tollund Man & Lindow Man)
3. ) Extreme Cold (Otzi & Incan Ice Maiden)
4. ) Area w/ little oxygen (Black Sea)
87
Matrix
physical surrounding of artifact
88
Provenance
physical surrounding of artifact + time
89
Context
physical surrounding of artifact + provenance + association (whole history)
90
Site of Terracotta warriors
Xi'an
91
Date of Xi'an
210 BCE
92
Emporer buried at Xi'an
Qin Shi Huang (1st emporer of China)
93
Pits of Terracotta warriors
3 found originally (6,000-8,000 warriors) and empty 4th pit
94
Pit 1
6000 warriors, horses chariots
95
Pit 2
at least 1000 more warriors, horses, chariots
96
Pit 3
less than 100 warriors, some horses, 1 chariots (taller & battle formation= probably headquarters)
97
Broken and headless terracotta
suggests assembly at the tomb
98
Differences of terracotta warriors
8 faces, 25 facial hairs, 85 makers
99
Original terracotta warriors were...
painted, layer of lacquer and animal glue in paint
100
Terracotta warriors found
1974
101
Sutton Hoo Ship date
620-650 AD
102
Sutton Hoo location
England (mound)
103
Sutton Hoo Discovered
1939
104
Viking Chief Burial (location, age)
Scotland, 1000 yrs old
105
Lindow man (time, place)
50-100 AD, England
106
Tollund Man (time, place)
4th century BC, Denmark
107
Lindow man discovered
1984
108
Tollund man discovered
1950
109
Otzi (time, place)
3200 BCE, Italian/Austrian Alps
110
Otzi discovered
1991 by hikers
111
Ice Maiden (time, place)
500 years old, Peruvian Andes
112
Ice Maiden discovered
Reinhard 1995
113
Research Process Steps
1. ) Design Formulation(research design and background research)
2. ) Implementation
3. ) Data Acquisition
4. ) Processing & Analysis
5. ) Interpretation
6. ) Publication
114
Why a site is abandoned
Natural vs Cultural
| Sudden vs Gradual
115
Typesite
excavated first so related cultures are called that kinda
116
Who excavated Mycenae first?
Henrich Schliemann (1876)
117
Lion's Gate
first area cleared by Schleimann, Cyclopean architecture, lionesses w/ gold heads, to the right is a tower
118
Grave Circle A
- 1250 BC (300-400 too early for Agammemnon)
- What Schliemann was looking for
- 6 shaft graves
- inside walls
- tombstones
- gold masks
- swords and daggers (warrior culture)
- scenes with lions
- Influence/trade with Egypt, Minoan, Hittite
119
Grave Circle B
- Older than A
- 1650-1550 BCE
- outside walls
- masks
- glass beads
120
Homeric Graves
1250 BCE
- huge
- completely looted
121
Minoan Crete
-2000-1200 BCE
122
Knossos excavated by
Sir Arthur Evans (made palace of Minos claims) 1899-1900
123
Knossos first period
2000-1700 BCE ended by earthquake
124
Knosses second Period
1700-1300 BCE
| ended by Mycenaean invasion
125
Mycenaean Period of Knossos
1350-1150 BCE
126
Minoans had no....
fortifications
127
King's and queen's megarons
- throne
- 1 griffin
- 3 snake goddesses
- La Parisienne
128
Thera
near Crete
129
Eruption on Thera (Akotiri)
1628 BCE
130
Akotiri
Pompeii of Agean
1628 BCE
most likely had warning
possible Minoan colony
131
Uluburun Shipwreck
- discovered 1982
- George Bass (also at Gelidonya)
- Cannanite jars
- 300 Ingots (talents)
- Mycanean stuff
- Trade
132
Current Megiddo excavation years
1994-2014
133
Megiddo Location
Isreal, Jezreel Valley
134
Battles
34 from Thutmose III to General Alamby (WWI) except Alexander the Great
135
Via Maris
"Way of the Sea" trading path
136
Megiddo time
Early Bronze Age, 26 cities, 7000-586 BCE
137
Edward Robinson
Megiddo 1838 and 1852 on quest matching bible to sites, stood on Megiddo and missed it
138
Lts. Conder and Kitchner
1871-1877 military survey of western Palestine (Megiddo)
139
First person to dig at Megiddo
Gottlieb Schumacher (1903-1905)
140
Schumacher at Megiddo
huge trench in middle
MBA grave with 6 people
sent everything to Ottoman sultan, now lost
141
1st Archaeologists at Megiddo
James Henry & PLO Guy (1925-1939) for University of Chicago
142
Chicago and Megiddo
-funded by Rockefeller
-horizontal 2 layers then verticle (NeoAssyrian layer)
-Chicago's Great Trench
20 cities
-missed stuff (cuneform EPic of Gilga.)
Came up w/ Solomon's stables idea
143
Archaeologist Megiddo after Chicago
Yadin (1960s)
- Solomonic Gate
- Not stables
- didn't publish a lot
144
Megiddo Area J
- Alter w/ animal bones
- A lot of temples
- 2000 BC
- largest EBA temple in Near East
- column bases
145
Megiddo Area L
- Solomon's Stables
- Re-excavating where Yadin had been expected palace got stables
- Palace 6000
146
Megiddo Area H
- half of Chicago's palace
- a lot of pottery
- jewelry in clay vessel
147
Megiddo Area K
- domestic area
- fortification wall (1700 BCE)
- fire destruction layer
- 1x1 microgrids
148
Possible Megiddo destruction explanation
Shishek
149
IBA Tomb 100 Megiddo 2010
Middle Bronze Age 8 bodies
150
Megiddo Area Q
- Norma Franklin
| - battlefield archaeology
151
Tel Kabri, Isreal date
1800-1500 BCE (1700 BCE)
152
Tel Kabri
Canannite Palace near Lebanon border
| 3rd largest mound in Isreal
153
First archaeologists at Kabri
Kempinski and Niemer (1986-1993)
154
Aegean floor at Kabri
discovered 1989, Minoan style, compared with Thera and Crete
155
MBA Sites with Aegan Art
1700-1400 BCE
1. ) Avaris, Egypt (ripped off)
2. ) Tel Atchina, Turkey/Syria (Sir Leonard Woolley
3. ) Qanta, Syria (still on walls) (14th cent. tablets saying Hittites were coming)
156
Kabri 2003
remote sensing found walls
157
Kabri 2005
D South, D West, D North (5ft fresh dirt) remote sensing correct
trial trenches
158
Kabri 2006-2007
regional study of sites in the area
159
Kabri 2008
preliminary season dig (D-West)
Kenny the Cannanite
Good stratigraphy
160
Kabri 2009
D-West D-South
more pieces of fresco (blue never used in Near East before, used at Knossos and Akotiri)
piece of either flying fish fin or griffin wing
161
Kabri 2011
```
more frescos
2nd Intermediate period scarab
Knossos zigzag pathway
palace bigger than thought
square holes in stone like Crete
MB Orthostat Building
```
162
Kabri 2013
palace storage area with tones of wine
