Midterm 2 Flashcards
(45 cards)
List the 3 major prostate problems
- prosatate cancer
- BPH
- Prostatitis
list the signs of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Bladder palpable on abdominal exam
- symmetric prostate enlargement
- Prostate palpates smooth, rubbery
- Hematuria if straining at micnutrition
- Palpates boggy, firm but elastic
what are the normal placatory findings when performing
- symmetrical
- consistency of a pencil eraser
- 1 cm protrusion into the rectum
- median sulcus is palpable
What are placatory findings for BPH during a DRE
- boggy
- smooth, rubbery
- enlarged - more than 1cm protrusion
- symmetrical
- median sulcus may or may not be obliterated
what are the placatory findings of prostate cancer during a DRE
- Stony hard irregular nodule
- Asymmetrical
- 1 cm protrusion into the rectum
- median sulcus obliterated
________ causes nocturia, hematuria , weak stream , hestinancy, pain or burning on urination , continuous pain in lower back, pelvis and thighs … also contains a malignant neoplasm with multiple nodules
Carcinoma
____ causes fever, chills, malaise, urinary frequency and urgency, dysuria, urethral discharge, dull, aching pain in perineal and rectal area… an exquisitely tender enlargement is acute inflammation of the prostate gland
- prostatitis
________ causes urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, straining to urinate, weak stream, intermittent stream, sensation of incomplete emptying, nocturne.. a symmetric nontemder enlargment. the prostate surface feels smooth, rubbery or firm with the median sulcus obliterated
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
Benign prostatic Hyperplasia often begins in the ______
transition zone
Prostate cancer often begins in the ______ zone and grows ___ this is less noticeable to the patient
- peripheral zone
- outwards
name the four areas of the prostate
- anterior fibromuscular area
- peripheral zone
- transition zone
- central zone
List the prostate cancer locations from most common to least common
- Peripheral zone 70%
- 15-20% central zone
- 10-15% transition zone
_____ is prostate cancer cells that do not depend on androgen for growth
Androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC)
_______ is prostate cancer cells that depend on androgens for continued cell growth and vitality
Androgen dependent prostate cancer (ADPC)
Describe the 5 Gleson grading system for prostate cancer
- cancer is well differentiated composed of uniform circular acini
- cancer is still well differentiated, but acini are arranged more loosely and irregular shaped
- most common grade … cancer is moderately differentiated, with acini varying in size
- Cancer is poorly differentiated, unable to form separate acinar units… highly irregular, distorted shapes, progressive invasion of neighboring tissue
- Cancer is undifferentiated and bears no resemblance to normal prostate cells .. cells are unable to form acinar units
PSA density = ______ divided by _____
serum PSA level divided by prostate volume
prostate volume is determined by _____
transrectal ultrasonograpghy
_____ and ____ are better tests than just PSA alone
Free and Bound PSA
_______ increases more in benign prostatic hypertrophy
Free PSA
________ increases more in prostate cancer
protein bound psa
list some natural health approaches to prostate problems
- avoid exnoesstrogens
- increase number of ejaculations
- colon cleansing
- take amino acids
- increase veggie intake
- omega -3 oils
- vitamin E
- use progesterone
Testosterone is covered to DHT by the enzyme 5 alpha- reductase
True
T/ F prostate cancer is most common in the transitional zone
false
peripheral zone
the transitional zone is common in BPH
Which Grade is most common for prostate cancer
Grade 3- cells are moderately differentiated with the acini varying in size and may affect neighboring tissue
