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BIOC 2300 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Glucose Polysaccharides

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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2
Q

Classifications of Carbohydrates

A

Type of carbonyl group
number of carbons
ring size
stereochemistry

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3
Q

Purpose of carbohydrates

A 
energy storage
structural support
molecular recognition (signaling)
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4
Q

Monosaccharides

A

glucose
galactose
mannose
fructose

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5
Q

Disaccharides

A

sucrose
lactose
maltose

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6
Q

Classifications of Glycoproteins

A

N-linked - use Asn

O-linked - use Ser or Thr

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7
Q

Glycoproteins

A

oligosaccharides + proteins

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8
Q

Other Roles of Carbohhydrates

A

Proteoglycan
ABO blood typing
Chitins
Lipopolysaccharides

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9
Q

Why do we metabolize?

A

Energy
macromolecule synthesis
prevent toxin build up
breakdown xenobiotics

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10
Q

Forms of energy storage

A

glycogen
triaglycerides
proteins

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11
Q 
Catabolism = oxidation
Anabolism = reduction
A 
Catabolism = cofactors are reduced
Anabolism = cofactors a oxidized
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12
Q

Reduction of Carbon Compounds

A

Unfavorable

Requires energy

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13
Q

Oxidation of Carbon Compounds

A

Favorable

releases energy

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14
Q

Common Pathway Intermediates

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
pyruvate
acetyl CoA

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15
Q

Essential micronutrients

A

Nutrients the human body can not make from scratch.

- vitamins

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16
Q

examples of essential micronutrients (vitamins) needed to make cofactors.

A

Niacin - NAD+

RIboflavin - FAD

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17
Q

ATP Synthesis

A

Glycolysis

Oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

ATP

A

Membrane impermeable
not exchangable
Short life
at rest, humans consume 40Kg or ATP/day

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19
Q

Coenzyme A

A

Substrate for acetyl CoA

A nucleotide derivative

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20
Q

Examples of highly favorable reactions frequently coupled to unfavourable reactions

A

phosphorylated compounds (ATP, glucose-1-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate)
Thioesters - Acetly CoA
Reduced Cofactors
electrochemical gradients.

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21
Q

reversible reactions

A 
small delta G
forward and reverse rates are similar
reaction near equilibrium
1 enzyme for both directions
small impact on overall pathway.
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22
Q

Irreversible reaction

A

large delta G
goes to products, even with few reactants.
large impact on overall pathway

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23
Q

Flux

A

Controlled by irreversible reactions

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24
Q

Common pathway reactions

A 
group transfer reactions
- acylation, phosphorylation, glucosylation, etc.
redox
elimination/rearrangement
- double bond forming
carbon-carbon bonding
- ring structures?
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25
Common Cofactors
NAD+/NADH FAD/FADH2 Q/QH2
26
Oxidative Phosphorylation
O2 reduced to H20 | NADH and FADH2 are oxidized
27
Keq
> 1 = products favoured
28
Glucose transporter
GLUT bidirectional transport only glucose, not any form of phosphorylated glucose.
29
How is glucose retained in the cell?
Phosphorylation by hexokinase, so glucose-phosphate isn't transported out.
30
Glycolysis Phases
Phase 1 = energy investment. Steps 1-5 | Phase 2 = ATP production. 6-10
31
Glycolysis Enzymes
1. hexokinase 2. phosphoglucose isomerase 3. phosphofructokinase 4. aldolase 5. triose phosphate isomerase 6. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehyrdogenase 7. phosphoglycerate kinase 8. phosphoglycerate mutase 9. enolase 10. Pyruvate kinase
32
Glycolysis Intermediates
1. glucose-6-phosphate 2. fructose-6-phosphate 3. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 4/5. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + DHAP 6. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate 7. 3-phosphoglycerate 8. 2-phosphoglycerate 9. 2-phosphophenolpyruvate 10. pyruvate
33
Which reactions are different/not reversible between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
1 (hexokinase) 3 (phosphofructokinase) 10 (pyruvate kinase)
34
reverse reaction to pyruvate kinase
pyruvate carboxylase & PEPCK
35
reverse reaction to phosphofructokinase
glucose-6-phosphatase
36
reverse reaction to kexokinase
fructose bisphosphatase
37
Phosphofructokinase 2
Activates phosphofructokinase 1 = activates glycolysis | inhibits fructosebisphosphotase = inhibits gluconeogenesis
38
Phosphofructokinase regulation
- phosphofructokinase 2 activates - ATP inhibits - AMP activates - fructose-6-phosphate activates
39
Allosteric control
End product either activates and inhibits its reaction
40
compartmentation
another means of regulation. Due to location.
41
Vitamin associated with Coenzyme A
Vitamin B5 | pantothenic acid
42
PDH regulation (pyruvate dehydrogenase)
PDH kinase - inactivates | PDH phosphatase - activates
43
Which reactions of the TCA are irreversible?
1. citrate synthase 3. isocitrate dehydrogenase 4. alpha ketogluterate dehydrogenase
44
TCA Reaction 1 - Citrate synthetase
inhibited by NADH, succinyl CoA, and citrate.
45
Vitamin B1
NOT SURE! D:
46
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin | FAD/FADH2
47
Vitamin B3
Niacin | NADH/NAD+
48
Vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
49
where is NADH re-oxidized?
mitochandrial matrix. | Stays there for use in glycolysis
50
Oxidative PHosphorylation
A series of redox reactions generating a proton gradient used to fuel ATP synthesis.
51
How is NADH from glycolysis transported into mitochondria?
Malate-aspartate shuttle Matrix - malate -> aspartate + NADH Cytosol - aspartate -> malate + NAD+ * Oxaloacetate intermediate.
52
Complex I
NADH -> NAD+ Q -> QH2 4 protons transfered
53
Redox Active cofactors that help with oxidative phosphorylation (transport electrons)
Fe-S Q FMN Alpha heme
54
Complex II
Succinate Dehydrogenase from the TCA cycle. succinate -> fumerate FAD -> FADH2 Q -> QH2
55
Reactions forming QH2
- Succinate dehydrogenase (TCA)/COmplex II (oxidative phosphorylation) - complex I (oxidative phosphorylation) - Fatty acid oxidation - glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle
56
Complex III
QH2 -> Q CytoC Fe3+ -> CytoC Fe2+ 4 protons transfered
57
Complex IV
Cytochrome C oxidase complex CytoC Fe2+ -> CytoC Fe3+ O2 -> H2O 2 protons transfered
58
Problem with Complex IV
Sometimes oxygen escapes/isn't converted to H20 -> produces oxygen free radicals.
59
Problem with free radicals?
Can damage nucleic acids, proteins and lipids.
60
Efficieny of the electron transport chain
Should be able to make 7 ATP, actually make ~ 2.5 ATP. | Energy used in proton transfer.
61
Complex V
``` ATP Synthase/F1F0-ATPase requries... - ADP (ATP translocase) - Pi (symport protein - Pi and H+) in the mitochondrial matrix ```
62
1 full rotation of the F0 complex
translocates 8 protons
63
Which subunit of F1 ATP synthase binds ADP?
beta
64
Alpha/beta subunit conformations
Open Tight Loose
65
P:O
number of phosphorylated ADP per oxygen atom reduced
66
UCP
uncoupling proteins - NADH is still oxidized - electrons are transported - oxygen is reduced to H20 - NOT ATP FORMED - reduces liklihood of free radical formation - generates heat
67
Pigments/photoreceptors
light absorbing groups in chloroplast
68
Chlorophyll A and B
absorb red and blue light
69
Reactions powered by energy release from excited chlorophyll to ground state chlorophyll
- heat - light - exciton transfer (excite another molecule) - oxidized -> reduced. Chlorophyll+
70
When fluorescence is high...
Photosynthesis is low
71
Excitation of reaction centres in Photosynthesis
- Oxidizes H20 -> O2 - reduction of NADP+ -> NADPH - transmembrane proton gradient
72
photosystem II
``` P680+ -> P680 -> P680* -> P680+ chlorophyll dimer H2O -> O2 PQ -> PQH2 4 protons transfered ```
73
Strongest organic, biological oxidizing agent known
P680+ (reduced chlorophyll dimer in photosystem II)
74
Cytochrome B6F
PQH2 -> PQ PC(Cu2+) -> PC(Cu+) 4 protons tranfered brings P700 back to ground state
75
Photosystem I
P700 PC(Cu+) -> (PC(Cu2+) ferredoxin (oxidized) -> ferredoxin (reduced) NADP+ -> NADPH
76
Final outcomes of the photosystems
PSII - water -> oxygen | PSI - NADP+ -> NADPH
77
ferredoxin
a small peripheral membrane protein used to catalyze the reduction of NADP+ -> NADPH.
78
NADPH
Final acceptor of the electrons removed from H20 in PSII.
79
Photophosphorylation
Same as ATP synthesis in mitochondria.
80
Dark reactions
Reactions that use the products of light-dependent reaction (NADPH, O2, ATP)
81
Atherosclerosis
Build up of lipoproteins in arterial walls
82
Purpose of lipoproteins
Transport water-insoluble lipids in hydrated environments.
83
Types of lipoproteins
Chylomicrons Very Low Density Lipoproteins (VLDL) Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
84
Triacylglycerols
Glycerol-3-phospahte + fatty Acyl CoA
85
Sources of substrates for triacylglycerol
``` Glycerol-3-phosphate - DHAP (form glycolysis or glyceroneogenesis) - Glycerol kinase in the liver. fatty acyl CoA - acyl CoA synthetase ```

BIOC 2300 (1 decks)

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