Midterm #2 Flashcards

Question

How many people have another manic episode after having experienced one?

Answer 1

90% | The frequency increases with every subsequent episode

Answer 2

1) Mixed/Rapid cycling- Fast cycling between depression and manic phases 2) Anxious- includes high state of anxiety 3) Psychotic- includes prominent delusions 4) Seasonal- Summer triggers mania (increased light), winter triggers depression (decreased light) 5) Post partum: Fluctuations in hormones causes mood changes 6) Cyclothymia- Chronic. Constains less severe forms of depression, and hypomania instead of mania. May experience clearer thoughts during hypomania, improved cognition etc.

Answer 3

Depressed people have different dietary profiles, minerals, vitamins etc. Small levels of lithium can be obtained from foods, and from water Promising studies for zinc, vitamin D, and folate Omega 3 fatty acids- low levels are associated with many MH issues.

Answer 4

Artificially induced seizure Last resort *Most effective treatment for severe depression 80% success vs 2/3 for other therapies Problem: Causes minor brain damage, can result in memory loss/memory problems

Answer 5

As effective as medication or psychotherapy for minor to moderate depression. Not as effective for severe depression. Physical action releases build-up of stress hormones, like cortisol Increases oxygen flow to the brain Increases endorphins and keflins + increases dopamine indirectly

Answer 6

Uses powerful magnets to stimulate PFC | No known side effects

Answer 7

1) Thyroxin: Stimulates thyroid = more energy 2) Testosterone: Indirectly improves reward/motivation and mood. 3) Estrogen+Progesterone: Associated with mood regulation, , especially in women 4) Antiglucorticoid: Cutting edge hormone that reduces cortisol. Upstream approach

Answer 8

Temporary, fast mood elevation Not a longterm solution, but can provide effective fast improvement in mood *All depressed people also have some form of sleep disorder. Maybe insomnia, wierd awakening, too much sleeping etc.

Answer 9

50% genetic | Also includes environment and psychological/behaviour patterns

Answer 10

1) Stressors: Divorce, loss of a loved one, poverty etc. 2) Traumatic events 3) Lack of social support 4) Psychological coping skills: How you deal with upset and aggression 5) Culture is very achievement oriented, competitive society: 6) Loss of religion as a society: Loss of social support systems, sense of purpose in life 7) Personality: Some people are chronically pessimistic and neurotic - Permanent optimists are better innoculated against depression

Answer 11

Worldwide aboriginal people have higher rates of suicide. *More trauma and substance abuse in these sections. + disadvantageous social conditions. These result in hopelessness, no sense of a possible future. Reserves with good economies and living conditions have much lower suicide rates

Answer 12

1.5% of the Canadian population Any age, equally as common in men and women Peak mania occurs in summer 6-70% of the time mania is preceded or followed by a depression episode 90% relapse rate, interval between episodes decreases with each episode Rates of suicide are 2-4%

Answer 13

One or more bodily symptoms causing persistent (>6months) distress *Excessive thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviours related to these bodily symptoms. (preoccupation, anxiety , excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms) * Chronic, but fluctuating * EXCESSIVE medical consultation and intervention, without effect * Can and does occur alongside real physical problems * Inability to realize that your concern is out of proportion * Resistant to psychological referral Appraise their symptoms as unduly threatening, despite reassurance High comorbidity with depression and anxiety Physical symptoms associated with significant psychological stress or impairment

Answer 14

Worried, always nervous about everything Nonspecific anxiety self conscious- need excessive reassurance Psychosomatic complaints: Upset stomach etc. (Heightened anxiety produces more stress hormones that affect the body) **Chronic, does not necessarily go away with time or treatment *Highly genetic

Answer 15

Compulsive pulling out of hair, strand by strand *No associated thought, which is where it differs from OCD In OCD behaviours are often done to counteract the obsessive thought

Answer 16

1) Intrusive recollections 2) avoidance behaviour 3) Always jumpy, on edge

Answer 17

OCD-1-1.5%

Answer 18

Obsessions cause anxiety, and compulsions are done to reduce the anxiety

Answer 19

Compulsie hair pulling, strand by strand **Differs from OCD, because there is no associated obsessive thought **No cognitive component, so medication is more likely to be used

Answer 20

Clomipramine- SSRI

Answer 21

Surgical treatment for OCD, cuts connections between emotional parts of the brain 20-25% success for OCD

Answer 22

CBT- challenge incorrect thoughts surroudning bodypart

Answer 23

CBT- challenge irrational thoughts by introducing rational beliefs surrounding bodyparty I.e. "Nose is too big" -> "Nose is fine and no bigger than anyone elses" SSRI- Sometimes helpful Cosmetic surgery- Not helpful

Answer 24

Persistent difficulty parting with or discarding possessions, regardless of value. Exists on a spectrum from collecting to hoarding *Chronic Excessive acquisition (SHopping addiction)- Also present 80-90% of the time.

Answer 25

Hoarding disorder

Answer 26

* *Specific to western countries * Found in high socioeconomic groups, typically caucasian 0.4%- young females. lower for older females and males 90% of affected are females. 10% males, 1/2 of these are gay males 10-15% mortality (highest of all mental disorders) Highly comorbid with depression and perfectionism

Answer 27

1) Anorexia 2) Depression 3) Schizophrenia 4) Bipolar

Answer 28

Sometimes called "Obsessive-compulsive personality:. Includes extreme neat freaks etc.

Answer 29

* Highest rates of relapse. Majority will relapse. | * VERY chronic

Answer 30

*highly genetic Evolution: Food restriction+ Unlimited exercise causes anorexia in rats. They starve to death ***** For most of our history we were hunter gatherers when one food source is used up, we would migrate to the next. As soon as food starts decreasing, you should start "exercising more" to move and find a new food source, this can spiral out of control if a new plentiful food source is not found. Rats could be saved from starvation by introducing a plentiful food source. It would break the cycle *When anorexic women restrict their food intake and their start exercising, it triggers all of these evolutionary mechanisms. *Triggering the anorexic cycle

Answer 31

Lower levels of endorphins , keflins, and serotonin *Low levels of zinc: Dont know if this is cause or consequence

Answer 32

Compared to females 1) Males are less concerned with their own looks and 2) Males believe that they are better looking than they actually are *Females will see a greater mismatch between their own bodyshape and their professed ideal bodyshape than isaccurate Men believe they are closer to their ideal body shape, Women believe that they are further than their ideal bodyshape

Answer 33

*Leaving home for the first time is a comon trigger More common in some professions: Dancing, acting etc *High prevalence of perfectionism and obsessiveness in anorexics.

Answer 34

* ***Psychotherapy DOES NOT WORK * **Medication DOES NOT WORK Hospitalization until reaching 85% bodyweight **Anorexia is a delusional disorder, so rational interventions do not work very well. * Family therapy can work- involves reigning in the mother and forcing her to acknowledge her role in this * Zinc supplementation has been found to be useful

Answer 35

**Involves binge eating. Binge eating occurs sometimes in anorexia, but almost always in bulimia Self-Evaluation is unduly influenced by body size and shape Binge eating is followed by compensatory periods, normally vomiting, but could also be excessive exercise.

Answer 36

Bulimia has better insights, no delusions. Anorexia is more delusional *Bulimia doesn't have the excessive increase in exercise that is seen in anorexia Bulimia(1-2%) is more common than anorexia(0.4%) of adolescent + young adult females Bulimia isn't associated with perfectionism * Stomach acid from vomiting can cause enamel loss in bulimics * Bulimia is intermittently chronic. They will remis for a short period of time and then start again * No known evolutionary cause for bulimia, unlike anorexia * More neural correlates for bulimia **** Both are genetic, but anorexia runs in families, while bulimia shows up in families with other mood disorders depression, substance abuse, obesity, and bulimia

Answer 37

High rates of sexual abuse in bulimics Seasonal bulimia: Triggered by winter. caused by low light. Treated by light therapy. Evo: Linked to feeding for hibernation

Answer 38

* *Best one is desensitization with response prevention: - Having high caloric food around, but unable to eat it. Ie in the therapists office Behavioural contracting: Reward the person for not throwing up Lifestyle changes: Structured meal times and places, diet and exercise routine SSRIs are effective but may cause weight gain **Wellbutrin is a better alternative since it is associated with weight loss *Fairly treatable, significant reduction 66% of the time

Answer 39

Evo: Adaptive for men to have as many sexual partners as possible, their brain is less sexually discriminate. Coded for sexual promiscuity. Sexual promiscuity is not adaptive for women *High evolutionary cost for females to be promiscious No evolutionary cost for promiscuity in males Early sexual experience often involves paraphilia -> **Reinforced through associative learning: Masturbation in presence of the stimulus *This is easily done through the male brain, not easy in the female brain

Answer 40

Anti-androgens: Basically a chemical castration Organismic Reorientation: Trying to redirect sexual arousal towards Aversion therapy: Positive punishment when arousal occured to paraphillic stimulus. Trying to punish the arousal. *Psychotherapy DOES NOT WORK FOR PARAPHILIAS

Answer 41

Frotteurism- Rubbing up against someone Zoophilia: Sexual arousal/attraction towards animals Fetishes: Arousal involves the use of an object, ie shoes, panties etc.

Answer 42

Unusual imagery and acts required for peak sexual arousal

Answer 43

* Primarily genetic and biological in origin * Not much impact from raising environment etc Genetic: Runs in families - The chance of having gender dysphoria increases as a function of the number of older brothers you have - Significant number of people with GD have chromonsal abnormalities Neurobiological: Brains resemble those of the gender that they identify with, espeically -Mechanism? Sexual inversion*- Mother releases testosterone at a specific time during gestation to cause male-characteristics in the embryo. Stressing the mother can disrupt this process, ie starvation etc, and the testosterone is not released at the proper time. Environment: Not much evidence that environment is important *Unusual number of absent fathers for children with GD

Answer 44

Strong and persistent discomfort with being your perceived gender+ strong persistent identification with the opposite gender

Answer 45

0.01%- very uncommon Gender identity at age 3- cannot be changed If it is present in adolescence it is permanent 2-5 TIMES more common in males Female to male: attracted to FEMALES (Almost like they want to be hetero) Male to female: 50% like males, 50% like females

Answer 46

``` Highly genetic Stress Lack of insight Stress+lack of insight = concurrent + physical Secondary reward Concurrent illness ```

Answer 47

*Difficult to treat CBT- Can work for willing clients Combination of antidepressants + Anxiety medication

Answer 48

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness - Hypersensitive to latest illness - Worried about getting ill when they have no symptoms - Physical symptoms are mild or not present Fear persists despite medical reassurance

Answer 49

Physical ailment caused by psychological factors *not under voluntary control features weakness, paralysis, body tremours, altered skin sensation, vision or hearing, speech absence or difficulties * Symptoms dont make physiological sense * Client often acts unbothered by strange symptoms * Physical, because it causes increase in immune cell response

Answer 50

Transient CD is common, but persistent is not More common in children( due to lack of insight) 2-3X more common in middle-age FEMALES + lower soceioeconomic status, in cultures where emotional expressions of emotional distress are inhibited

Answer 51

Reducing stress *CBT is best if there is an irrational thought (But doesnt cure) Hypnosis Removal of original noxious situation(What is being avoided) or secondary reward (reward behaviour)

Answer 52

Stressful life events repression or lack of insight ( in this case, recognition will absolve symptoms) *Symptoms always have to do with client avoidance/what they don't want

Answer 53

When a group of people develop the same psychosomatic symptoms Symptoms have changed historically, reflecting societal beliefs and concerns Seizures and paralysis were common historically, but rare today. Ie 1980s- many people reported permanent hypnotic state, as interest in hypnosis was peaking

Answer 54

Unreasonable fear of a specific object or situation. Which is excessive and interferes with every day life.

Answer 55

1) Spider 2) Snakes 3) public speaking ( evo: Isolated, outsider to group, threat of attack) 4) insects/bugs 5) bubonic plague

Answer 56

7-9% prevalence 2X more common in females *Usual onset is in childhood Some fears are more common than others

Answer 57

1) genetic Evo: Selection pressures -> phobia developed for survival-> genes passed on 2) environmental classical conditioning: Adverse experiences preceptitates event observational learning: Seeing fear in others and acquiring it yourself

Answer 58

* People rarely seek treatment, because it is too anxiety provoking and difficult to own 1) Desensitization: (Flooding technique) 2) Counterconditioning ( Systematic Desensitization) 3) Modelling

Answer 59

*Most important of all phobias Also known as social anxiety, avoidant personality Marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which emberrassment may occur * May result in avoidance of social situations * May result in underachievement at work, school or socially

Answer 60

Genetics: Extroversion and Introversion are highly heritable Environmental * Overprotective parents Stress- flustered- so less likely to socialize Close knit families : Cn result in belief that the outside world is dangerous

Answer 61

CBT- Especially effective for combating irrational negative thoughts in teens that can lead to SP. Exposure: Can be done with increasing frequency+amount of exposure. Put yourself out there as much as possible and realize it "isn't that bad". Social skills training - Learn how to small talk and interact socially, some people have not picked this up and must learn it. Relaxation training- Deep breathing+ tensing muscles then releasing tension Yoga: Physical exercise + Mind slows Medication: Benzodiazepenes*, SSRI

Answer 62

* Repeated avoidance of social encounters * Highest in North America, very low in the rest of the world % decreases with age Lessens with time, but not radically different. Comorbid with depression, poor self-esteem, poor self-concept.

Answer 63

Recurrent unexpected periods of intense fear or panic Symptoms: Pounding heart, sweating, trembling, shortness of breath, chest pain etc.

Answer 64

1) Genetics 2) Stress prior to onset 3) Fear of arousal ( fear of having a panic attack now becomes the precipitator)

Answer 65

1) Desensitization + relaxation training is the most effective 2) Antidepressants+ benzos works in short term

Answer 66

* Always Chronic * Chronic excessive general anxiety * Worries about everything (vs phobis which are specific) * Excessive worry about past and future events * Excessive need for reassurance * Marked-self conscious

Answer 67

* CHRONIC does not go away forever, even with treatment 1) Meditation:1) Here+ now focus 2) slows down mind ( no peripheral thoughts) 2) Medication : Buspirone (No withdrawl/Dependence) 3) Sometimes antihistamines 4) CBT+ Relaxation training Exercise 5) Easily aroused, sensitive limbic system. "Sensitive brain".

Answer 68

1) Genetics 2) Easily aroused, sensitive limbic system. "Sensitive brain". 3) Closeknit family

Answer 69

***Major stress + **Personal vulnerability *Event + No stressful reaction = No PTSD. **Some people are more resilient Backout memory is attempted through substance abuse, namely alcohol

Answer 70

``` Syndrome experienced by some people following a traumatic event Includes: 1) Intrusive thoughts 2) Persistent arousal/agitation 3) Avoidance behaviours ``` Common among emergency personel 3-4% prevalence

Answer 71

**People who need treatment are those with no improvement after 3 months. 50% resolve after 3 month NOT EFFECTIVE : Critical incident stress debriefing *However can be used to identify people who need the most help Effective: EMDR(Eye movement desensitzation reprocessing) +or Desensitization - person must commit -helps to address actualy issue -effective for nightmares especially *Reinvoking thoughts/sounds to relive the event Benzos: 1-2 weeks *can cure completely in short term PTSD Helps to prevent alcohol dependence

Answer 72

inability to realize that your concern is out of proportion **Excessive thoughts, feelings and behaviours relating to the physical symptoms. This is what distinguishes it, rather than the physical problems, it is the thoughts feelings and behaviours

Midterm #2 Flashcards

(96 cards)