Midterm 2 Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Describe Prox Ileus.
A
- Stomach + Prox duodenal parts
- Metabolic alkalosis in beginning + metabolic acidosis follows.
- Irritant ( foreign body) is in stomach or near stomach, gas + fluid accumulation in stomach so tensor R in gastric wall are activated causing increases HCL production.
- vomit contains HCL, animal looses acids so metabolic develops.
- Severe= dehydration, anaerobic glycolysis and metabolic acidosis.
- Anorexia, depression + general state of animal worsening more quickly.
2
Q
Describe Dist Ileus.
A
- Jejunum + more dist parts.
- Metabolic acidosis.
- Animals not eat, stomach is empty, vomit contains small intestional fluid ( reflux) that has high pH; dehydration, anaerobic glycolysis, lactic acid formation.
- Prolonged time= miserere symptom.
- have reflux of intestinal contents back to stomach, so they vomit brown-greenish, malodorous intestinal contents ressembling faeces.
3
Q
Differentiate prox + dist ileus with lab practicals.
A
X-ray, Ultrasound, Acid-base balance.
4
Q
Pre Hepatic Icterus (PrHI).
(a)In blood.
A
- Br I + Br II + UBG + Free Hgb + Reticulocyte count increases.
- Haptoglob conc + Ht decreases.
- Coagulation parameters (PT, APTT, TT) increases or normal (DIC).
5
Q
PrHI.
(b) In Urine.
A
UBG + Br + Hb increases.
6
Q
PrHI.
(c) In Faeces.
A
Br- derivatives: Pleichromic, hyperchromic, hypercholic.
7
Q
PrHI.
(d) Characteristics alterations in enzyme activities.
A
ALT + LDH increases.
8
Q
PrHI.
(e) Characteristics alteration in substrate conc.
A
Urea increases.
9
Q
Hepatic Icterus (HI). (a) In Blood.
A
- Br I + Br II + UBG increases.
- Free Hgb + Ht + Reticulocyte count decreases.
- Haptoglobin conc stays normal.
- Coagulation parameters increases and do not changes after Vit K administration.
10
Q
HI.
(b) In Urine.
A
UBG + Br increases.
11
Q
HI.
(c) In Faeces.
A
Hypocholic.
12
Q
HI.
(d) Characteristics alterations in enzyme activities.
A
ALT + AST + GLDH increases.
13
Q
HI.
(e) Characteristics alterations in substrate conc.
A
- NH3 + BA increases.
- Urea decreases.
14
Q
Post Hepatic Icterus (PoHI).
(a) In Blood.
A
- Br II increases.
- Br I increases/ stays normal.
- Free Hgb + Haptoglobin conc + Ht + Reticulocyte count stays normal.
Coagulation parameters increases but changes after Vit K administration.
15
Q
PoHI.
(b) In Urine.
A
- Br increases.
- UBG decreases or not present.
16
Q
PoHI.
(c) In Faeces.
A
Acholic.
17
Q
PoHI.
(d) Characteristics alterations in enzyme activities.
A
ALKP + GCT increases.
18
Q
PoHI.
(e) Characteristics alterations in substrate conc.
A
BA increases.
19
Q
Hepatocellular enzymes in dogs.
A
ALT ( Alanine- Aminotransferase).
GLDH ( Glu- Dehydrogenase).
20
Q
Tubular Dysfunction Test.
A
- Specific Gravity analysis of urine, water deprivation test.
- Analysis of enzymuria, Urine sediment analysis, Tubular clearance examination.
21
Q
Examination of glomerular function.
A
- Plasma/ Serum urea + creatinine level.
- Creatinine Clearance.
- Urinary TP and Creatinine ratio.
- Radioisotopic methods, C- inulin clearance.
- H-Tetraethyl- ammonium-CL clearance.
22
Q
Urinary Sediment Analysis.
A
For postrenal Kidney function.
Acute Kidney Failure.
23
Q
Urinalysis- Main tests.
A
Urine Specific Gravity.
Urine ph meter.
Urinary Sediment analysis.
24
Q
Detecting protein from urine.
A
Urine test strip, SSA test, Heller probe, Ultrasensitive protein determination, Bence Jones proteins, Microalbuminuria.
25
How to detect pancreatitis?
Haematological, serum biochemical, cytological + microbiological analysis.
26
What is TLI? Describe it's usefulness in the diagnosis of EPI.
- Trypsin like immunoreactivity.
| - TLI level is normal/ high, EPI is caused by obstruction of pancreatic duct.
27
Describe the Gmelin Test.
- Conc HNO3 layered under urine in a test tube + width of differently coloured layers at the meeting of 2 fluid phases has to be evaluated.
28
BA. How to measure them and when is their conc elevated in serum/ blood?
- HPLC, RIA/TBA, Spectrophotometric.
| - Liver injury, bile duct obstruction, decrease liver function, biliary stasis, portosystemic shunt.
29
When does alpha-amylase activity increase?
Acute pancreatitis, acute + subacute kidney failure, FIP, lymphoma, myeloma, DM, chronic enteritis.
30
EPI. What is it? How to test it?
- Developed due to chronic necrotic/ atrophic damage to pancreas.
- decrease production of digestive enzymes/ obstruction of pancreatic duct.
- TLI conc, BT-PABA test, lipid absortion test, Faecal elastase test.
31
What is the lipid absorption test, and which disorders can it confirm or eliminate?
- Determine there is lipid malabsorption, maldigestion.
| - EPI.
32
What is icterus? What can be the causes of increased plasma Br?
- Haemolysis of RBC, increased Br I in serum, obstruction of bile duct.
- Prehepatic, Hepatic icterus.
33
What is ileus?
Local effects occur at intestines, general effects are changes of circulation, electrolyte + water balance, acid-base balance.
34
What faeces tests are useful for EPI determination/ diagnosis?
Faecal elastase test, Examining undigested particles in faecal sample.
35
What is ALT?
- Alanine- aminotransferase.
- Carnivores liver specific.
- Found in liver cells.
36
What is AST? Where is it found? Where can we see it's elevation in the plasma? In what species is it useful?
- Aspartate- aminotransferase.
- Located in mitochondria of liver cells.
- Elevated in muscle + liver cells + RBC.
- Herbivores.
37
What is AP?
- ALKP ( AP alkaline phosphatase).
| - Located in every cell membrane, produced by different organs.
38
What is GGT?
- Gamma glutamyl transferase.
| - Locates in different organ, endothelial cells of bile duct concentrate it.
39
ALT- level in blood.
- Liver cell damage, bile duct obstruction, pancreatitis, liver neoplasm, septicaemia, liver lipidosis + cirrhosisl drugs, CH storage disorder.
40
Liver function tests.
- Measurements of NH3 conc, NH3 tolerance test.
| - AST, ALT, GLDH.
41
Causes of increased of ALKP in blood.
- Paraneoplastic proc., Liver cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, hepatic lipidosis, barbiturates, iatrogenous, hyperadrenocorticism, chronic stress.
42
What are the causes of increased blood urea conc.?
- Prerenal factors: increased N intake, Ru poor E status in rumen, increased intestinal protein catabolism, intestinal/ gastric bleeding, Haemolysis, decreased blood perfusion of kidneys, hypotension, shock, dehydration, cardiac failure.
- Renal factors: Kidney function, decreased amt of functionally active nephrons, decreased tubular function.
- Postrenal factors: Inhibition of urine flow through lower urinary tract due to occlusion of pelvis, urether/ urethra; Rupture of kidneys, urether, urinary bladder or urethra.
43
What are the causes of increased blood creatinine conc.?
- M. content of diet.
- State of m: necrosis increased while cachexia decreased creatinine level.
- Kidney glomerulus function.
44
Water deprivation test - What is the goal of this test? Its method and
interpretation.
- Evaluate polyuria + polydypsia.
| - At 1st total bladder emptying by catheter, then BW measurement + urine sampling every hr.
45
What is the goal of Enzymuria Evaluation? Goal and how is it performed/tested?
- Detection of paraacute/ acute tubular damage.
| - ALKP + GGT increase release in urine, referred to creatinine levels.
46
Causes of low blood creatinine conc.
- Impaired liver function, haemodilution, decreased protein intake.
47
Urea conc in blood.
8- 10 mmol/L.
48
What can be seen in the physiological urine sediment? List the
pathological abnormalities in the urine sediment.
- Organic and anorganic sediment.
| - Proteinuria, Pyuria, Hematuria, Hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, Br UBG.
49
Proteinuria, causes and types.
- Glomerular dysfunction.
| - Albuminuria.
50
Why/how can the presence of bacteria be shown in urine?
- Because of pyuria.
| - Donné probe, Microscopic evaluation of urinary sediment.
51
Urine and pH changes.
- pH <5.5: metabolic + respiratory acidosis, vomiting, hypokalaemia, treatment + toxicosis with acidifying drugs.
- pH > 7.5: UTI, metabolic + respiratory alkalosis, alkalizing substances, long storage.
52
How to differentiate hematuria from hemoglubinuria?
Centrifugation.
