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Midterm 2 Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

In what time period and from what did TB arise from?

A

The Neolithic

Derived from cattle

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2
Q

Causative agent of TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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3
Q

Is TB an endemic, epidemic, or pandemic?

A

Endemic

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4
Q

What is the iconic symbol of TB

A

Chest x Ray

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5
Q

Why was TB believed to be hereditary

A

Because it was often passed from older family members to younger children

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6
Q

TB mode of transmission

How was this proved

A

Droplet

Riley proved by exposing cages of guinea pigs to either treated air or untreated air from TB wards

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7
Q

3 stages of TB disease process

A

Primary (childhood TB)
Reactivation disease (cavities TB)
Reinfection

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8
Q

Details of primary TB

A

Occurs in children
Minor, many non-specific symptoms which are misdiagnosed
Slips into latency

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9
Q

Details of cavitation TB

A

10% of latent TB cases will reactivate
Caused by aggressive IR that destroys lung tissue creating cavities
Causes coughing, sneezing

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10
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis generally affects _______

A

The lungs (pulmonary TB)

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11
Q

Explain the granuloma response of pulmonary TB

A

Appears as swollen lymph nodes
Macrophage eat TB, normally joins with lysosomes for granuloma enzyme response
If the macrophage doesn’t join with lysozyme, it calcifies and can be felt as a hard mass in the lungs

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12
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary TB

A 
Fever and Night sweats
Fatigue due to disease related anemia
Appetite and weight loss
Severe cough with haemoptysis
Cavities in the lungs
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13
Q

Risk factors for TB infection

A 
Duration of exposure
Frequency of coughs
Concentration of droplets in air
Small/ enclosed spaces
Inadequate air flow
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14
Q

Risk factors for TB disease

A 
Strain of bacterium
Effectiveness of IR
- genetics
- nutrition 
- other infections (immunocompromised)
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15
Q

Explain extrapulmonary TB

A

Causes by m. Bovis
Affects lymph nodes, kidneys, bones and joints
Often gets into bone tissue via infected blood
Causes a hump back by infecting vertebra
Transmission via unpasteurized cows milk or meat

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16
Q

What was Canada’s first TB sanatorium called?

A

Muskoka cottage sanatorium

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17
Q

What is a bug box?

A

Boxes that TB patients would spit mucus into so that they wouldn’t spread it on the ground or swallow it to their own digestive tract

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18
Q

What was the Brompton TB sanatorium (England) treatment method?

A

Graduated labour (worked in gravel pits)

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19
Q

Who is Dr. William Dock?

A

TB physician, studied the effects of gravity.
Argued that when we position our bodies upright, there is a high oxygen supply and lack of blood flow to the apex region of the lungs
Said that laying down increase blood flow and reduces oxygen concentration

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20
Q

What is artificial pneumothorax?

A

Intentionally collapsing certain parts of one lung

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21
Q

What is thoracoplasty?

A

Removing ribs to allow for the compression of the lungs

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22
Q

What was the golden age of TB?

A

1930s

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23
Q

Who invented the drug streptomycin?

A

Waksman

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24
Q

Syphilis:
Bacteria name
Shape
Motility

A

Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
Extremely motile (corkscrew movements)

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25
Syphilis transmission
Direct contact with a sore on genitalia/ mouth | In utero via placenta (congenital syphilis)
26
Affects of congenital syphilis
Increased risk of stillbirth/ early infant death Developmental delays Saber shin tibia (infection and developmental issues in legs and face)
27
2 ways to screen for syphilis
``` Microscopy Blood sample (looking for antibodies - Wassermann test) ```
28
What drug is used to treat syphilis?
Penicillin
29
Stages of syphilis (time periods)
Primary stage: - incubation period = 21 days - lasts 3-6 weeks Secondary stage Latent stage - early latent = within 1 year of infection - late latent = after 1 year of infection - can last 3-39 years Tertiary stage - until death
30
Symptoms of primary syphilis
Single or multiple sores at site of inoculation
31
Symptoms of secondary syphilis
Rash on palms and feet | General symptoms + patchy hair loss + periostitis
32
Symptoms of tertiary syphilis
``` Organ and skeletal damage: Paralysis Perhaps death Dementia Inability to coordinate muscles Numbness Gradual blindness ```
33
Which stages of syphilis are NOT infective?
Late latent and tertiary
34
When was the Winnipeg outbreak of syphilis? | What was the 3 methods they used?
2003 | Condoms, coasters, posters
35
What disease is historically know as a disease of blame?
Syphilis
36
Evidence for syphilis from the old world
``` Confusion with “venereal leprosy” Medieval Essex woman: 25-50 yo Bones show signs of syphilis Lived prior to new world connections BUT have to prove that It’s actually syphilis bacteria, and that acidic soil didn’t cause bone appearance ```
37
Evidence for syphilis from the new world
Thought to be imported from the new world to the old world, no reports of syphilis in old world
38
Old treatments of syphilis
Cupping and bleeding Mercury treatment Pyrotherapy
39
Side effects of mercury treatment of syphilis
Black teeth | Degenerative neurological disorder
40
Who invented pyrotherapy?
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
41
What is pyrotherapy
Infecting syphilis patients with malaria (plasmodium vivax) | Induced high fever which Kills the syphilis bacteria, then treat malaria with Quinine
42
What was the first condom made of?
Pig intestine
43
What percentage of people are immune to leprosy?
90-95%
44
Incubation period of leprosy
2-20 years
45
Early stage symptoms of leprosy
Light patches on skin, with tingling or numbness | Fluid filled nodules
46
Leprosy bacterium causes _____ and _______
Loss of sensory and motor function
47
True or false: leprosy can cause blindness
True
48
Lepers had to carry a _______ to announce their presence
A bell
49
Leprosy: Bacterium name Shape Distinctive feature
Mycobacterium leprae Rod shaped Waxy coat
50
What temperature does M. Leprae favour?
30°C
51
Where does M. Leprae reside in the body?
``` Cooler areas: Nerves of the hand and feet Nose Skin Anterior part of eye ```
52
What is the difference between paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy?
``` Paucibacillary = milder, fewer bacteria Multibacillary = more aggressive, more bacteria ```
53
Other name for paucibacillary leprosy?
Tuberculoid leprosy
54
Other name for multibacillary leprosy?
Lepromatous leprosy
55
What causes a person to have multibacillary leprosy instead of paucibacillary leprosy?
Lower hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages
56
What drug is used to treat leprosy?
Dapsone (derived from dyes)
57
Leprosy transmission
Most widely believed to be direct contact BUT Bacteria can survive up to 35 hours outside host, so indirect contact and vector borne are possible Most likely via droplet transmission
58
What is slit skin sampling, what disease is it associated with?
Going to deeper tissues | Leprosy
59
Leprosy numbers today
Over 1 million persist | 0.5 million new each year
60
Movement of leprosy around the world
``` India China Mediterranean (Alexander the great) Europe Africa ```
61
When were lazarettos established?
Middle Ages Europe (13th century)
62
True or false: | TB infections make leprosy cases worse
False - TB infections improve resistance to leprosy
63
Name 2 lazarettos in Canada
D’arcy island (BC) | Tracadie (NB)

Plagues (2 decks)

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