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SOCI 327 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where/when can the history of the Canadian police be trace back to?

A

To early English society

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2
Q

Until when was there no regular police force?

A

11th century (1000)

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3
Q

What is the frankpledge (peace pledge) system?

A

Ten families form a tithing which were then grouped to form a hundred.

These hundreds were coalesced into shires (counties). The top law enforcement officer because known as the shire-reeve (sheriff).

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4
Q

When was the Constable Watch System formalized and by who?

A

In the 13th century and by the Statute of Westminster

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5
Q

Describe the constable watch system

A

Each parish consisted of one constable and several unpaid watchmen

This system lasted until the 18th century (1700)

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6
Q

When did London have a policing system?

A

Mid-1700’s

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7
Q

True or false: The military was often used for policing in the mid-1700’s

A

True

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8
Q

Who created the idea of a professional enforcement organization in 1748?

A

Henry Fielding

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9
Q

What did Robert Peel do?

A

He passed the London Metropolitan Police ACT in 1829 which established a 3200 person professional police force.

He was the creator of the first modern police force

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10
Q

the activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private organizations or persons to maintain security or social order

A

Policing

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11
Q

What are the four eras of policing according to Ruddell?

A 
Pre-Modern Era (prior to 1820)
Political Era (1820-1940)
Professional Era (1940-1980)
Community Era (1980 to present)
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12
Q

What did the First Nations use in the pre-modern era to bring about justice?

A

Shaming, ostracism, and compensation for justice

Also physical punishment and execution

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13
Q

What was the RCMP originally?

A

North-West Mounted Police (NWMP)

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14
Q

What structure was used by the police in the political era?

A

Paramilitary structure: a hierarchy within the military force

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15
Q

What era is known as the traditional era?

A

Professional era

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16
Q

When were uniforms and vehicles provided to police officers?

A

During the professional era

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17
Q

In 2015, what happened with the RCMP

A

They went to the Supreme Court to be unionized

18
Q

Which era did local politicians establish the police services and frequently interfered as well?

A

Political era

19
Q

Which era of policing focused on objectivity, science, and freedom from political influence?

A

Professional era

20
Q

What does the community era focus on?

A

Focus on getting the public to help with regulation
Citizen involvement
Problem-solving
Decentralization]

21
Q

What are the interests of early municipal policing

A

Maintaining public order
Preventing and controlling crime
Providing community services

22
Q

What was the most important development in municipal policing in the past

A

Officers were separated from the community

23
Q

How many police were in Canada in 2015?

A

68,777

24
Q

What percentage of police worked for municipal forces?

A

67% (42, 668)

25
Q

In 2018, what is the ratio of police officers to Canadians?

A

188 police officers to 100,000

26
Q

How many employees, officers and volunteers does the RCMP have?

A

26 000 employees
18 000 officers
75 000 volunteers

27
Q

What are the 2 ways to determine how large police presence should be?

A
  1. Population-to-police officer ratio

2. Compare the number of Criminal Code incidents with the number of police in any given force

28
Q

True or False

Police forces are bureaucracies

A

True

29
Q

Identify the characteristics of the professional model of policing that emerged in 1930’s and remained in place until the 1970’s. Give a brief description of each.

A

Hierarchical differentiation
- Peking order within system

Functional differentiation
- specialization of officers

Routinization
- following orders becomes routinized

Centralization of command

30
Q

Emphasizes the importance of neutrality in policing society. The keys are to protect society and enforce the law

A

Social contract perspective

31
Q

Perceives the police as acting on the part of the ruling class

Considered a repressive instrument in society

A

Radical perspective

32
Q

Takes place when the police move from their standard practice of “case probability” to “class probability”

A

Racial profiling

Supporters of racial profiling favour the crime control model

33
Q

Involves police using their independent judgement when dealing with crime

A

Discretion

34
Q

When did the SCC rule that discretion is a part of an officer’s unique position

A

1988

35
Q

Identify 3 factors that are influential when an officer decides to intervene in any given event

A

The seriousness/type of crime involved
The attitude of the citizen
Departments policies that specify how discretion is to be applied

36
Q

Identify 5 situational variables that determine an officer’s decision to arrest

A
  1. Seriousness of crime
  2. Strength of evidence
  3. Preference of the victim
  4. Relationship between the victim and the suspect
  5. Demeanour of the suspect
37
Q

Identify 4 community variables affecting police discretion of arrest

A
  1. Minority and working-class communities
  2. An officer’s perception of danger
  3. Citizen’s attitudes towards police (police develop a model of troubled areas)
  4. Community legal culture (desires of the community)
38
Q

What extralegal factors affect police discretion in arresting people?

A

Race, class and gender

39
Q

True or False

Bienvenue and Latif concluded that Aboriginal men and women were more likely to be arrested for all offences except drug and traffic violations

A

True

40
Q

Name some positive aspects of police subculture

A

Sense of collectiveness which helps officers deal with stress, control inappropriate actions, and provide and informal teach tool to learn the “craft”

41
Q

Name negative aspects of police subculture

A

Resistance to change, support for right violations, misuse of authority, and resistance to accountability

42
Q

Name the 6 values of police subculture

A
  1. Police are the only real crime fighters
  2. No one else understands the real nature of the police
  3. Loyalty to colleagues is paramount
  4. Rules need to be bent
  5. The public is unreasonable and unsupportive
  6. Detective work is better than patrol work

SOCI 327 (1 decks)

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