Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro 1203 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

Midterm 2 (53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is most impacted by rotational force?

A

Midbrain and diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glutamate binds to what receptors?

A

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is impacted from a coupe-contra-coup?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid, minges, skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why is Calcium so bad?

A

Disrupts mitochondrial function, messes up ATP production, energy crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the consequences of an energy crisis?

A

Na + K pumps overworked, needs more ATP but there isn’t any to use
Secondary injuries possibility increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What part of the brain is affected with symptoms of:

a) ICP and headaches
b) confusion and amnesia
c) ringing of ears and nausea
d) mood and emotional disturbance

A

a - brainstem
b - hippocampus + frontal lobe
c - temporal lobes
d - amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Second impact syndrome can

A

produce cumulative worsening symptoms

increase morbidity and mortality rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy is

A

neurofibrillary tangles, plaque, neuronal death, and degreation of the brain. Similar to dementia symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the average life expectancy for somebody with down syndrome

A

60 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the consequence of mature motherhood

A

increased risk of child with down syndrome (3%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What health issues are DS patients susceptible to

A

Congenital heart defect, epilepsy, leukemia, thyroid diseases, mental health disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the four neurological clinical presentations of DS?

A

Mild-moderate intellectual disability, speech abnormalities, mental illness, dementia/alzheimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is mosaic down syndrome?

A

Some cells having trisomy 21 while others are normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the range of overexpression of genes on gene 21?

A

300-500 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What causes DS?

A

Chromosome fails to separate on sperm/egg cell

or merged egg (8%f, 3%m)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why is an extra copy bad?

A

overexpression of amyloid, super oxide, microRNA fuck with enzymes, decreased immune system function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Beta Amyloid function

A

amyloid plaques, extracellular deposits. Lipid membrane - permeable to Ca and can cause apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three impacts of superoxide dismutase (SOD)

A

Lipid peroxidation - decreased immune function
DNA oxidation - premature aging
protein oxidation - mental functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Management of DS

A

vitamins, zinc, minerals, selenium

education and care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four main arteries in the circle of willis

A 
Internal carotid arteries
Anterior cerebral arteries
Anterior communication arteries
Posterior cerebral arteries
Posterior communication arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what flows into brain through bood

A

vitamins, oxygen, amino acids, fats, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what flows out of the brain

Study These Flashcards
A

CO2, ammonia, lactate, hormones

23
Q

Blood circulation in the brain

Study These Flashcards
A

ANTERIOR - anterior and medial regions

POSTERIOR - posterior regions and cerebellum

24
Q

Ischemic vs. hemorrhagic stroke

Study These Flashcards
A

Ischemic is a BLOCKAGE of blood vessel

Hemorrhagic is bleeding out of the membrane

25
Types of Ischemic stroke
thrombosis - local | embolism - debree
26
what is FAST
facial drop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, time to book it to the hospital bois
27
What are the four types of hemorrhagic strokes?
epidural - worst - skull and dura mater subdural - dura mater and arachnoid subarachnoid - arachnoid and pia mater intracerebral - inside brain
28
What symptoms are specific to hemorrhagic strokes?
Headaches, dizziness, seizures, vomiting
29
Symptoms of strokes
unilateral, numbness, aphasia/dysarthria, weakness
30
what is an infarction
necrosis caused by lack of blood supply
31
dangers of the infarction period
osmotically active substances (ARACHNOID ACID, ELECTROLYTES, LACTIC ACID) causes cerebral edema therefore cell death.
32
how long is the infarction period
two weeks, 3-4 first days are the most dangerous
33
risk factors of a stroke
hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, lipids, diabetes mellitus, obesity, 75+ old
34
Prevention of a stroke
blood pressure medication, surgery, diet, anticoagulation drugs (aspirin)
35
Management of a stroke
stroke rehab and a number of therapies
36
Prevalence of Parkinson's disease
male prevalent, 1/500 CA, 6600 diagnosed every year
37
What is the average onset age of PD
60 years, early onset <50
38
What is TRAP
tremor, rigidity, (a)bradykinesia, post. instability
39
What TRAP symptom is in every patient
bradykinesia
40
What percentage of neurons are dead at diagnosis of PD
70%
41
Prevalence of a tremor in PD patients? Rigidity?
~70% T, 90% patients R
42
What are the four non-motor symptoms for PD?
Psychiatric, autonomic, cognitive, sleep
43
What are the four main Loops in PD?
cognitive loop - frontal lobe, task switching vis. / occ. loop - spatial recognition, scanning environment affective loop - emotions, desire, apathy, impulse, motivation. Amygdala motor loop - putamen, GPi, Substantia Nigra
44
What happens in the Basal Ganglia in PD
cell death in the substantia nigra cannot initiate movement Dopamine DEPLETION in SN
45
What is dopamine's role in PD
dopamine drives motor cortex activation,
46
non motor neurohormones in PD
Noradrenergic - urinary frequency, erectile dysfunction Serotonergic - sleep disturbances and disorders Cholinergic - constipation
47
Stages of loop neuronal loss in PD
``` (bottom up) Olfactory bulb, dorsal motor nucleus Locus coeruleus Substantia Nigra Cortex ```
48
PD progression
neuronal cell loss ~ non motor symptoms - subtle (5 y later) diagnosis ~ clinical symptoms. <70% neuron loss (10y in) more cell loss ~ wearing off or random flux. (15 y in) severe presynaptic cell loss ~ decreasing response to L-Dopa
49
Environmental causes of PD
Toxins, pollutants, head injury, side effects of drugs (MPTP bois)
50
Genetic causes of PD
early onset PD is often genetic, 5-10% is a gene mutation,
51
What are lewy bodies
clumps of alpha-synuclein protein that develops INSIDE THE NEURON
52
What can lewy bodies do
displacement of cell parts, cause spherical masses in cytoplasm
53
Treatment of PD (name three)
L-dopa, COMP-T inhibitors and MAO B inhibitors, Dopamine antagonists, education, nutrition, exercise, surgery, stem cells

Neuro 1203 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions