Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych101 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

learn dis shit hoe (87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Transduction

A

Coverts external stimuli to electrical signals within neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The more frequently you sense something, the less intensely you sense it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychophysics

A

The study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their past physical characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absolute threshold

A

the lowest level of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Just noticeable difference

A

the smallest amount of change in a stimuli we will notice ex. packaging changes cannot be too extreme otherwise people will not recognize the brand therefore not purchasing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signal detection theory

A

it is harder to detect stimulus if there is lots of background noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Response bias

A

hits & misses in signal detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cross modal sense

A

Mixing up different sensory signals. McGurk effect, rubber hand illusion, synesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parallel processing

A

attending to multiple sense modalities simultaneously.

  • bottom up processing is when we construct a whole stimulus from its parts. Moves from visual cortex to association cortex.
  • top down processing is conceptually driven, processing influenced by our beliefs and expectations. Moves from association cortex to visual cortex.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Perceptual sets

A

our expectations influence our perceptions- context matters!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions like shape, size, and colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Selective attention

A

focus on certain inputs while ignoring others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cocktail party effect (selective attention)

A

we tend to pick out important info from a bunch of stimuli- our friend’s face in the crowd, our name amongst conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inattentional bias (perceptual blindness)

A

failure to detect stimuli in plain sight when our attention is focused on something elseq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Change blindness (perceptual blindness)

A

Failure to detect a change in one’s environment. Relevant in aviation, driving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Subliminal processing

A

Processing many sensory inputs unconsciously. Just because we don’t consciously notice a certain stimuli does not mean that we will not react to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Additive

A

mixing lights produces white light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Subtractive

A

mixing pigments produces black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cornea

A

transparent cells that focus light on the back of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Retina

A

thin membrane at the back of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Rods (retina)

A

Allow us to see shapes and forms. Don’t require lots of light- think movie theatre dark adaptation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cones (retina)

A

Responsible for colour vision and small details. Needs lots of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fovea

A

Responsible for visual acuity/focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Optic nerve

A

contains ganglion cells that allow input to travel from the eye to the brain. Has a blind spot where the nerve connects to the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Feature detection
detecting lines and edges
26
Simple cells
orientation-specific slits of light in a particular location
27
Complex cells
orientation specific, yet less dependent on location
28
Gestalt theory
we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context- filling in the blanks
29
Phi phenomenon
the illusion of movement produced by successive flashing images - flipbooks
30
Trichromatic theory
our colour vision is based off of blue, green, and red
31
Opponent process theory
we perceive colour in terms of complementary pairs of colours
32
Depth perception
the ability to see spacial relations in 3D
33
Visual cliff
infants lack depth perception and therefore hesitate to crawl over glass elevated on the floor
34
Monocular cues
perceive three dimensions using one eye relying on visual cues like relative size and texture gradient
35
Binocular cues
depth cues require both eyes
36
Disparity
Our eyes transmit different info for objects that are close to us, but things that are distant appear similar
37
Convergence
focusing on near objects can make our eye muscle inwards to sense depth
38
Motion blindess
inability to perceive seamless motion
39
Visual agnosia
object recognition deficit
40
Blindsight
above-chance visual performance of cortically blind people with damage to their primary visual cortex
41
Consciousness
- Our subjective experience of ourselves and the world around us. - Constantly changing awareness of thoughts, feelings, and sensations - blurred lines between sleeping and waking experiences
42
Why sleep?
- memory consolidation - cleaning out the brain - immune system strengthening - neural development - energy conservation
43
Circadian rhythm
Cyclical changes in our biological processes that occur on a 24 hour schedule- body temperature changes, melatonin release, difference in brain waves
44
Biological clock
suprachiasmatic nucleus located in the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling levels of alertness
45
Sleep deprivation leads to...
sleep debt, short term effects (depression, attention issues, hallucinations), long term issues (weight gain, diabetes, heart disease etc)
46
Sleep stages
Kleitman & Dement 1957. | - we repeatedly pass through 5 stages of sleep at night, 90 minute cycle
47
SLEEP CYCLE Drowsiness
nonREM, small waves, lucid dreaming
48
SLEEP CYCLE asleep
EEG shows sudden high energy bursts, slower heart rate, relaxed muscles, most sleep is spent in this stage
49
SLEEP CYCLE delta waves
less sleep spindles
50
SLEEP CYCLE deep NREM
hard to wake, growth hormone released
51
SLEEP CYCLE REM
brief return to stage 2 before dramatic shift into high gear, Increased heart rate, irregular breathing, dreams. Lasts ~20 minutes, increasing in length with each cycle
52
REM rebound
When deprived of REM sleep, the next time we sleep we have a lot more REM sleep, often accompanied by intense dreams
53
Why do we dream?
- consolidating memories - integrating new experiences with past memories - learning new ways of doing things - coping with threatening events
54
Freud's dream protection theory
During sleep, the ego is less able to control impulses. - manifest content: content of dreams - latent content: deeper meaning to dream
55
Activation synthesis dream theory
dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of randomly generated internal neural signs
56
Neurocognitive perspective
dreams are a meaningful by-product of our development. Think about how children have simple dreams that become more complex with age
57
Depressants
Alcohol, valium. Decrease CNS activity. Reduced fine and gross motor skills, high followed by sleepiness, lack of inhibitions, inability to create memory
58
Barbiturates
Depressants, prescription sleep aids. Mimic the effects of alcohol and used for sleep aid and anxiety
59
Stimulants
Cocaine, amphetamines. Immediate high followed by crash soon after. Euphoria, dopamine and serotonin release
60
Opiates
Heroine, morphine. Mimic our endorphins. Long term abuse leads to stopped production of natural painkillers. Extreme withdrawal symptoms
61
Psychedlics
Weed, acid. Heighten what one is already feeling. Not addictive. Blocks reabsorption leading to a long high.
62
How to psychoactives work?
Alter production, storage, release, and reception of neurotransmitters
63
Classical conditioning
- neural stimulus - unconditioned stimulus - unconditioned response - conditioned stimulus - conditioned response
64
Learning
controlled by the consequences of behaviour
65
Behavior
Shaped by reward/punishment
66
Operants
behaviour used to attain something
67
The law of effect
if we are rewarded for doing something, we are more likely to do it again
68
BF Skinner
Pigeon guy
69
POOC - Positive Reinforcement
presentation of a stimulus after a certain behaviour that increases the likelihood of said behaviour - giving a dog a treat after performing a trick
70
POOC - Negative Reinforcement
Taking away a certain stimulus after desired behaviour to increase the likelihood of that behaviour. Teenage son does not have to wash dishes if he studies for two hours
71
POOC - Positive punishment
The addition of an undesirable outcome after unwanted behavior
72
POOC - Negative punishment
Taking away a desired outcome after unwanted behaviour
73
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus associated with the presence of reinforcement
74
Extinction
when the operant response is gradually reduced after reinforcement is no longer present
75
Stimulus generalization
Stronger response in the presence of stimuli similar to the original stimulus
76
Continuous reinforcement
Behaviour is reinforced every time, results in faster learning
77
Partial reinforcement
behavior is reinforced only sometimes. harder to extinguish
78
Fixed ratio reinforcement
reinforcements given after a regular number of responses
79
Variable ratio reinforcement
reinforcement given after a specific number of responses on average
80
Fixed interval
reinforcement given after a certain amount of time
81
Variable interval
reinforcement given after an average time interval
82
Shaping
progressively reinforcing behaviour that comes close to exact desired behavior
83
Fading
gradually decreasing reinforcement for behaviour that isn't exactly the desired behaviour
84
Chaining
linking interrelated behaviors
85
Token economies
Primary reinforcer - item that naturally increases target behaviour i.e. sex, money, food - Secondary reinforcer - a neutral object that becomes associated with primary reinforcer, i.e. tokens allow you to buy you food
86
Stimulus organism response
The way someone responds to a stimulus depends on their own subjective history with the stimulus
87
Tolman & latent learning
We still learn even without reinforcements. Rat maze experiment

Psych101 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions