Midterm 2 Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
3 Circuits?
A
Pulmonary Circuit
Systemic Circuit
Coronary Circuit
2
Q
Pulmonary Circuit
A
- Blood Being Transported to the Lungs and Back to the Heart
- Right Side of Heart
- Short Circuit
3
Q
Systemic Circuit
A
- Blood Being Transported to the Body
- Left Side of the Heart
- Long Circuit
4
Q
Coronary Circuit
A
-Blood being transported to the Heart
5
Q
In Coronary Circuit arteries deliver O2 to
A
the heart while it is relaxed
6
Q
_____ muscle is striated
A
Cardiac
7
Q
Intercalated Discs connect muscle cells so that they
A
contract at the same time ( Functional Syncytium
8
Q
More Mitochondria =
A
More ATP
9
Q
Nodal Cells have self-excitability and do not maintain a
A
stable resting potential
10
Q
Nodal Cells have an unable resting potential that continuously
A
depolarizes
11
Q
Nodal Cells Contract on their own with the Nervous System ONLY affecting…
A
the speed of contraction
12
Q
In Action Potential of Nodal Cells ( PAcemaker) ____ is held constant
A
Na+
13
Q
In Action Potential of Nodal Cells ____ slowly decreases
A
K+
14
Q
(Nodal)
The interior becomes less and less negative over time due to what?
A
The differences in Na+ and K+
15
Q
(Nodal)
When threshold is reached fast Ca+ channels open, allowing an explosive entry of …..
A
Ca+ and some Na+
16
Q
What produces the rising phase in the Action Potential of Nodal Cells?
A
Ca+ produces the rising
17
Q
In cardiac muscle the heart contracts as a unit or ….
A
doesn’t contract at all
18
Q
Why does cardiac muscle have functional syncytium ?
A
A transmission wave of depolarization travels across the heart from cell to cell
19
Q
Refractory period of the cardiac muscle time?
A
250 ms
20
Q
Why does cardiac muscle have a long refractory period?
A
To prevent any type of tetanic contractions in the heart
21
Q
3 Steps for stimulation of Cardiac Muscle contraction
A
1- Influx of Sodium/Calcium
2- Depolarization wave travels down the sarcolemma
3- Influx of Ca+ triggers cardiac muscle contraction
22
Q
Influx of sodium/calcium from autorhythmetic cells triggers change in membrane potential from …
A
-90 mV to +30mV
23
Q
(Nodal) Phase 4 ( Funny Current) involves ……..
A
Ca2+ and Na+ (leakage channel)
24
Q
Parasympathetic will…… the Funny Current (slows HR)
A
Lengthen
25
Sympathetic will..... the Funny Current (Speed HR)
Shorten
26
(Nodal)
| Phase 0 involves.... entering (Depolarization)
Ca2+
27
(Nodal)
| Phase 3 involves … leaving (Repolarization)
K+
28
The amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in one minute
Cardiac Output
29
Cardiac Output Formula
Q= HR x SV
30
Frank Sterling Law of Heart equalizes the …..
output of the right and left ventricles
31
Frank Sterling Law ensures that the same amount of blood volume reaches.....
systemic and pulmonary circuit
32
Cardiac Reserve the difference between.....
resting and maximal CO
33
Degree of stretch of the cardiac muscle cells just before they contract
PreLoad
34
Preload is considered the critical factor controlling....
Stroke Volume
35
Preload is proportional to the....
EDV
36
Increase Preload= Increase in.....
EDV and SV
37
Two key factors that determine EDV, and therefore Preload
Duration of Ventricular Diastole
Venous Return
38
Slow resting HR usually means large resting ...
stroke volumes
39
Result of Calcium influx into the cytoplasm from extracellular fluid and the SR
Contractility
40
Results in more complete ejection of blood from the heart
Enhanced Contractility
41
Contractility is innervated by the.....System
Sympathetic Nerve
42
Pressure that must be overcome in order for blood to be ejected out of the ventricle through semilunar valve
AfterLoad
or Peripheral Resistance
43
Increase Afterload = Decreased.....
Stroke Volume
CO
44
High Blood Pressure = Increased..... but decreased …...
Increased End Systolic Volume
Decreased Stroke Volume
45
Average Pressure Maintained within aorta
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
46
MAP Formula 1
Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse Pressure
47
MAP Formula 2
2/3 Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Systolic Pressure
48
BP= CO x
Periphery resistance
49
Delta P= n x L
/
r^4
Radius has biggest effect
Length has 2nd biggest effect
Increase P= Increase n,l but decrease in r
50
Elastic arteries are ...walled arteries near the heart (aorta)
thick
Conducting Arteries
51
Muscular Arteries deliver......to specific body organs and account for most of the named arteries in the body
AKA
Blood
Distributing Arteries
52
Smallest Diameter Vessels
Arterioles
Tunics are chiefly smooth muscle
53
Veins have thin ...
walls
54
65% of blood in body is found in the....
veins
55
Internal folds of the tunica interna
Valves
56
When veins stop working
Varicose Veins
57
Varicosity in anal veins
Hemorrhoids
58
Smallest veins ,consist mostly of endothelium-porous
Venules
59
Cardiac Accelerator Nerves
Sympathetic
60
Vagus Nerve
Parasympathetic
61
Autonomic Regulation- Sympathetic- Norepinephrine is released and binds to Beta-1-adrenergic receptors on the heart. Pacemaker..... Rate
Increases
62
Autonomic Regulation-Parasympathetic- Acetylcholine released, hyperpolarizes the pacemaker and .….. HR
slows
63
Epinephrine is released in the adrenal medulla and …..HR
Increases
64
Thyroxine is slow but more sustainable in in …..the HR
Increasing
65
Slows HR and can cause arrhythmia
Hyperkalemia
66
Nitric Oxide is released by skeletal muscle to
dilate blood vessels in the area
67
HYPOcalcemia increases HR and weakens
contractility
68
HYPERcalcemia strengthens ….
contraction
69
Inotropic is the effect on ...of the heart
contractility
70
Chronotropic is the ...on the heart
effect
71
Results from increased body temp., stress, drug usage, and Heart Damage
Tachycardia
72
Coronary.... is fatty buildup in artery
Atherosclerosis
73
Coronary.... is loss of elasticity of arterial wall
Arteriosclerosis
74
Myocardial....prolonged High Blood Pressure
Hypertrophy
75
Myocardial ….. is depression of the pumping ability of the heart due to the replacement of cardiac muscle with fibrous scar tissue
Infarction
76
Dilated Cardiomyopathy happens when.....
ventricles stretch and become flabby and myocardium deteriorates
77
Conduction Zone Anatomy
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Conduction Bronchioles
78
REspiratory Zone Anatomy
Respiratory Bronchioles
| Alviola
79
Type 1 Pneumocyte
Simple Squamous
| Gas Exchange
80
Type 2 Pneumocyte
Secretes Surfactant
| Cell Prolifertion
81
Boyles Law
Temp. Constant
| Volume+ Pressure inversely related
82
p1v1=p2v2
Boyles Law
83
Daltons Law of Partial Pressure
total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
84
Henrys Law
Gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
85
Henrys law states that if we increase pressure, we increase.....
solubility
86
Bohr Effect
Lowered Affinity for O2
Weakening of Oxygen-Hemoglobin bond by dropping pH
87
Less oxygen is caused by an increase of
CO2
88
Frank Starling Law
Increase in EDV= Increase in CO
89
Haldane Effect
Higher Affinity for CO2
The lower the O2 the lower the saturation of the hemoglobin with oxygen. And the greater the capacity of the hemoglobin to carry dioxide.
90
1-Late Distole- pressure is low and blood flows into the atria from the systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit then through.....
the AV valves into the ventricle
91
2- Ventricular Systole- Atria begin to relax, ventricles depolarize followed by.....
ventricle contraction
Pressure in the ventricles rises, closing off AV valves
92
Systolic= Contraction of the Ventricles
Semilunar Valves are.....
AV Valve is.....
Pressurize +ejection of blood out of ventricles
SLV= OPEN
AVV= CLOSED
93
Diastolic= Relaxation of the ventricles
AVV is....
SLV is ….
Depressurization+ injection of blood into ventricle
AV= OPEN
SL= CLOSED
94
Conduction System
```
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of His
R/L Bundle Brnaches
Purkinje FIbers
```
95
SA Node is located in the ……, it generates impulses about 75 times per minute
Right Atrial Wall
100 BPM HR
96
AV Node is within the right atrium. The signal becomes slowed at this node due to a change in.....
fiber diameter
97
Bundle of His is the Only connection between
Atrium and Ventricles
98
R/L Bundle Branches carry signal to the ….. and excite septal cells
Purkinje Fibers
99
Purkinje Fibers penetrate into the heart apex and are responsible for contraction of most muscles in the
Ventricles
100
P-Wave results from movement of the …...wave from the SA node to the atria
Depolarization
101
QRS complex results from …...and is followed by atrial contraction
Ventricular Depolarization
102
T-wave is caused by ….
Ventricle Repolarization
103
Depolarization is due to ….
CA2+
104
S1 ( first heart sound) occurs as the …...close
AV valves
105
S2 occurs when …...snap shut
Semilunar Valves
106
Stenosis is the narrowing path between each..... and occurs when valves are open
Chamber
107
Regurgitation is the backflow of blood to the previous chamber, occurs when
Valves open backwards
108
Pressure Exerted by the air surrounding the body
Atmospheric Pressure
Sea Level-760mm Hg
109
Intrapulmonary Pressure is the pressure within the.....
Alveoli of the lungs
110
Intrapulmonary pressure rises and falls between ( +/- 3) but always....
equalizes itself with the atm pressure outside the body
111
Intrapleural Pressure is the pressure within the
pleural cavity
-4mmhg
112
Intrapleural Pressure is always 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the ….
Alveoli
113
Negative Pressure is Established by....
Lung Recoil
Surface Tension of Alveolar Fluid
Elasticity of CHest Wall
Parietal+Visceral Fluid Bond
114
Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after normal Tidal Volume Inhalation
IRV
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume
115
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
TV
| Tidal Volume
116
Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation
Expiratory Reserve Volume
| ERV
117
Maximum amount of air contained in lungs after maximum inspiration effort.
Total Lung Capacity
| TLC= TV+ IRV+ ERV+RV
118
Maximum Amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiratory effort
Vital Capacity
| VC= TV+IRV+ERV
119
Amount of Air remaining in lungs after a forced exhalation
RV
| Residual Volume
120
Maximum amount of Air that can be inspired after a normal expiration
IC
Inspiratory Capacity
IC=TV+IRV
121
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration
FRC
Functional Residual Capacity
FRC=ERV+RV
122
The alveoli contain more CO2 and less ….
oxygen
123
High O2 causes ….of artery
Vasodilation
124
High CO2 causes..... of the bronchioles
Bronchodilation
125
Low O2 causes..... of the artery
Vasoconstriction
126
Low CO2 cause....of bronchioles
Bronchoconstriction
127
Hemoglobin is composed of … polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group
4
128
When Oxygen binds to hemoglobin its called...
Oxyhemoglobin
129
When hemoglobin releases oxygen its called...
Deoxyhemoglobin
130
How many Hemoglobin in 1 RBC
300 million
131
When O2 binds to hemoglobin it increases its.... for more O2
affinity
* Co-operative binding
132
Taut= low oxygen affinity
0 oxygen are bound
Occurs in tissues
Drop off O2
133
Relaxed= High Oxygen Affinity
1-4 oxygen bound
Occurs in lungs
Take in Oxygen
134
Graph Shifts Right
Decreased Affinity for O2
| Wanted in tissues
135
Graph Shifts Left
Increased O2 Affinity
| Wanted in Lungs
136
Factors that Lower O2 Affinity
ACEBAT
```
Acidity
CO2
Exercise
BPG(2,3)
Altitude
Temp.
```
All Increased
137
Chemical factors are detected by chemoreceptors in the ….
Medulla
| Central Chemoreceptors
138
Central Chemoreceptors monitor pH of...
CSF and CO2
139
Great Vessels of the neck are
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
140
Peripheral Chemoreceptors monitor the pH of ...
blood, CO2, and O2
141
Arterial Blood is …% O2 saturated
98%
142
Venous Blood is …% O2 saturated
75%
143
What sends inhibitory impulses to the inspiratory area and triggers early termination of inhalation
Pneumotxic Area (Pons)
Breathing Rate becomes more rapid
144
Apneustic Area (Pons)
Stimulates the inspiratory area
| Triggers long periods of inhalation (deep breathing)
145
Hypothalamic control
Strong Emotions and pain can activate sympathetic centers-modify respiratory rate and depth
146
Cortical Controls
Conscious Control of Breathing, overrides the medullary centers
147
Brainstem will override conscious control when carbon dioxide....
builds up in the blood
