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BIO1001 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

genetics

A

study how characteristics of individual in populations are inherited

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2
Q

mitosis

A

division creating two identical daughter cells

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3
Q

meiosis

A

division creating gametes with half the genetic material from a parent

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4
Q

somatic cell

A

non reproductive cell (only does mitosis)

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5
Q

homologous chromosome

A

similar length but not identical

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6
Q

sister chromatids

A

identical copy

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7
Q

centromeres

A

point attaching sister chromatids

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8
Q

centrosomes

A

region forming microtubule spindle fiber

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9
Q

metaphase plate

A

imaginary line chromosomes align at during metaphase

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10
Q

cleavage

A

separates animal cells

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11
Q

cell plate

A

separates plant cells

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12
Q

G1 of interphase

A

normal cell development and growth

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13
Q

G2 of interphase

A

centrosomes duplicate

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14
Q

S of interphase

A

chromosomes duplicate into sister chromatids

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15
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense, centrosomes form microbial spindle fibre, nuclear membrane disintegrates

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16
Q

metaphase

A

centrosomes migrate to poles, chromosomes move to metaphase plate, spindle fibre attaches to centromeres

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17
Q

anaphase

A

microtubule spindle fibres pull sister chromatids apart

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18
Q

telophase

A

chromosomes decondense, nucleus membrane reforms

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19
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm separate into 2 daughter cells by cleavage or cell plate

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20
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine sex of organism and other heritable traits

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21
Q

autosomal chromosomes

A

non-sex chromosomes, carry heritable traits, all other 23

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22
Q

blending hypothesis

A

perfect blend of parents

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23
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics or traits of organism

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24
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of organism

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25
aa
homozygous recessive
26
AA
homozygous dominant
27
Aa
heterozygous
28
particulate hypothesis
some traits skip generations
29
true-breeding
produce only the same variety as parent (aa or AA)
30
hybridization
crossing two true-breeding varieties
31
law of segregation
chromosomes separate during meiosis (gamete have 50% chance to get it)
32
allele
version of genes
33
microtubules
string from centrosomes
34
spindle
string from centrosomes
35
phenotype ratio
visible difference (need punnett square)
36
genotype ration
genetic difference (need punnett square)
37
Punnett Square
probability chart
38
pleiotropy
one gene produces multiple phenotypes (hydrangeas)
39
complete dominance
regular stuff
40
incomplete dominance
phenotype is in between (pink from white and red)
41
co-dominance
both alleles affect phenotype (polka dots) or blood type
42
testcross
testing unknown genotype with recessive homozygote ( will give different results if Aa or AA)
43
monohybrid cross
one phenotype
44
dihybrid cross
two phenotypes
45
Law of Independant Assortment
alleles separate during gamete formation
46
phenotypic plasticity
gene can produce different phenotypes
47
Lamark
Discovered evolution (but because traits are used often)
48
Mendel
Discovered ??
49
Linnaeus
Discovered many species (but it was God)
50
Darwin's key observations
match, unity and diversity
51
evolution
heritable change in population over time
52
natural selection
variation-competition-survival of the fittest-reproduction-evolution
53
homology
comparing homologous structures
54
convergent evolution
took different paths to evolve but same result
55
endemic
found nowhere else in the world
56
population
same species living in same area
57
gene pool
all alleles available in population
58
p & q
allele frequencies
59
p^2 & q^2
genotypic frequencies
60
prerequisites for something in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
no gene flow, large population size, no mutations, no natural selection, random mating
61
genetic drift
chance event causes allele frequency to change
62
Founder's effect
stranded on island
63
Bottleneck effect
chance event wipes out other phenotypes
64
gene flow
mat of alleles into and out of population (like migration)
65
directional selection
favours totally different one
66
disruptive selection
favours two (split)
67
stabilizing selection
increases OG gene
68
intrasexual selection
compete within same sex (head butting)
69
intersexual selection
one sex chooses other sex (birds of paradise)
70
heterozygote advantage
when Aa is better survival ( malaria and sickle cell anemia)
71
sexual reproduction
fusion of 2 haploid gametes
72
asexual reproduction
production of new organism without fusion

BIO1001 (1 decks)

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