Midterm 2 - Bioenergetics and Enzymes

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

• all chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism

Question 2

catabolic pathways

Answer 2

• complex molecules break down into simpler ones

Question 3

anabolic pathways

Answer 3

• require energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 4

free energy

Answer 4

• usable energy
• available to do work

Question 5

work

Answer 5

• transfer of energy by a force acting on an object

Question 6

exergonic reactions

Answer 6

• release free energy

Question 7

endergonic reactions

Answer 7

• need energy input

Question 8

reaction coupling

Answer 8

• two reactant molecules bonded together

Question 9

ATP

Answer 9

• adenosine triphosphate
• cell’s energy currency

Question 10

energy carrier

Answer 10

• used to produce mechanical work/heat or to operate chemical/physical processes

Question 11

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 11

• exergonic
• slow

Question 12

ATPases

Answer 12

• enzyme
• needed to make hydrolysis reaction go at a rapid rate

Question 13

ATP synthesis

Answer 13

• endergonic

Question 14

ATP cycle

Answer 14

• linking of cellular exergonic and endergonic reactions

Question 15

enzyme

Answer 15

• usually protein
• speeds up rate of reaction

Question 16

activation energy

Answer 16

• energy necessary for reactions to occur

Question 17

transition state

Answer 17

• high-energy, unstable state
• during chemical reaction

Question 18

enzyme specificity

Answer 18

• can select specific substrate from chemically similar compounds

Question 18

active site

Answer 18

• enzyme’s specific region to which the substrate binds

Question 19

induced fit

Answer 19

• dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate
• both components modify structures for ideal bonding

Question 20

saturation kinetics

Answer 20

• concentration of reactant or component being transported is increased

Question 21

protein denaturation

Answer 21

• modifying molecular structure of a protein

Question 22

cofactor

Answer 22

• inorganic ion (Fe, Mg)
• needed for optimal enzyme activity regulation

Question 23

enzyme inhibitor

Answer 23

• reduced or stopping of enzyme activity

Question 24

enzyme activator

Answer 24

• bind to enzymes
• increase activity

Question 25

allosteric regualtion

Answer 25

• regulation of enzyme
• binds an effector molecule at site other than active site

Question 26

feedback inhibition

Answer 26

• inhibits first enzyme’s activity in pathway it produces

Question 27

oxidation-reduction reactions

Answer 27

• loss or gain of electrons
• transfer/sharing

Question 28

electron carriers

Answer 28

• NADH, NADPH
• pull electrons off compounds and carry them to other locations