Midterm 2 Ch. 34- 43 Flashcards

Question

Catherine II of Russia

Answer 1

``` German princess learned Russian, converted, changed name married at 16 with Peter Peter stopped wars with Prussia and military turned on him Coup d’etat Catherine supported the overthrow and he died reform built schools and hospitals more open press correspondence with thinkers initial moves ending serfdom sponsored art Peasant revolt Pugachev claimed to be peter promised serf reform Results Many cities stopped after barriers ```

Answer 2

``` empress of Austria/not allowed to be Holy Roman Emperor Joseph reforms freed serfs reduced power of Catholic church increased freedom of press equal protection under law education for males ```

Answer 3

accepted change to improve country - reluctant to change economic reform - economic disasters Sought advice - dictated

Answer 4

``` wealthy class greek gods ornamentation “cupid”, lovers, outdoor settings pastel colors, white and gold Watteau Jean Fragonard ( the swing) Thomas Gainsborough ( mary countess Howe and Blue boy) ```

Answer 5

``` return style of ancient Greece balance, simplicity rules strictly followed Jacques Louis David ( Oath of the Horatii, napoleon's coronation) Sculpture Horatio Greenough ( washington) US capital ```

Answer 6

Father of Symphonia | Included jokes

Answer 7

Before 5 composed life of depression and creativity marriage and figaro 40th symphony

Answer 8

``` Made piano popular taught by Haydn classical “Minuet” Romantic 5th symphony ode to joy caused by his deafness sadness ```

Answer 9

British victory but they ended up broke Thought colonies should help with financial burden because they were helping with protection from the French colonies initially enjoyed freedom of taxes

Answer 10

king George forbade colonists to settle west of Appalachian Mts.

Answer 11

places a 3 cent tax on each gallon of molasses from outside the British Empire

Answer 12

required colonists to pay for tax stamps on newspapers and legal documents

Answer 13

on imported goods, glass. lead, paint, tea, paper

Answer 14

British East India Company to sell tea below the price of smuggled tea Boston Tea Party

Answer 15

Boston’s harbor closed until tea was paid for

Answer 16

attended by representatives from all colonies except Georgia wrote to King and Parliament Decided to stop trade with Britain unless Acts were abolished Advise colonists to prepare for war Agreed to meet again in May 1775

Answer 17

created continental army as response to Lexington and Concord Again attempted reconciliation with Britt Didn’t have authorities to declare full independence so new elections

Answer 18

``` Guerilla warfare Lexington and Concord Battle of Bunker Hill (cannons on hill) Home-court advantage veterans of war French support Americans were passionate ```

Answer 19

surrender of Cornwallis French Blockade of British Navy Negotiating of peace early

Answer 20

King Louis XVI needed more tax revenue failed attempts to increase taxes estates general 3rd estate walked out and formed National Assembly Every member got a vote Formed city gov’t for Paris to control chaos Attack on Bastille to get weapons Versailles stormed by peasant women Actions of National Assembly Destruction of Privilege removing tax exemption ratified Declaration of Rights of Man and of Citizen new constitution any landowner can vote took over properties of nobiles Louis attempted to flee to Austria but captured Shift of mentality Birth of French nationalism Austria, England ,Prussia declared war

Answer 21

``` reforms metric system new calendar universal suffrage slavery eliminated land redistribution given to poor Guillotine King and Queen 20,000 tried and executed ```

Answer 22

Thermidorian reaction Adoption of new constitution Rule by Directory Napoleon invited to consule He takes over

Answer 23

``` Wars vs Prussia, England, Austria Battle of Toulon against British Promoted to brigadier general Whiff of Grapeshot promoted to commander and army of Italy First Consul code of Napoleon bank of France centralized state gov’t relations with Catholic church education system support of science Emperor Attempts to increase presence in America expansion Boycott of English Goods Russian defiance Defeat in Russia 690,000- 100,000 men Russia scorched earth ( no food or shelter) Elba and the 100 days emperor then escapes rules again Napoleon defeated sent to st.Helena and died Congress of Vienna return to absolutism seeking for stability ```

Answer 24

``` Artists emphasized personal message emotion rather than reason nationalism stories nature viewed mystically Love of past vs future exoticism ( foreign culture, occult) ```

Answer 25

``` Folk songs for nationalism longer symphonies orchestra grew in size piano virtuosos story symbolic, story notes, well-known story Uncomplicated ( short length) Beethoven Pastoral symphony ( nature depicted) Franz schubert Lieder: song with emotional theme Frederick Chopin short pieces in small rooms to allow communication Nationalistic ( Polish) music Minuet waltz Franz Liszt child prodigy Hungarian Rhapsody 2 showman (rock and roll) ```

Answer 26

German nationalist Opera leitmotif ( theme associated with character or action) depicted myths and heroes Die Walkure (ride of the Valkyries)

Answer 27

Russian but wrote in French style Ballet Nutcracker, Romeo and Juliet

Answer 28

used Russian themes Russian Easter Overture flight of the Bumble bee

Answer 29

Composer La Traviata AIda Rigoletto

Answer 30

Artist started classical 3rd of May 1808 Saturn devouring his son

Answer 31

Artist Liberty leading the people Death of Sardanapalus

Answer 32

Artist The fighting “Temeraire” The slave ship

Answer 33

``` Abandoned strict rules of neoclassical Conveyed personal feeling of artist Used nationalism Depicted the exotic Landscapes became important ```

Answer 34

Raised the level of German literature The Sorrows of Young Werther Faust

Answer 35

Historical novels Ivanhoe Lady of the Lake

Answer 36

War and peace | Freed serfs

Answer 37

Hunchback of Notre Dame | Les Miserables

Answer 38

Count of Monte Cristo 3 Musketeers Man in the Iron mask

Answer 39

stories as poems, lyrical Ballads

Answer 40

Frankenstein

Answer 41

``` Raw materials for goods and energy Population supply for industrial work Demand Investment capital Laissez-faire economic policies Merchant respectability Presence of innovators willing to do it Limited liability corporations ```

Answer 42

``` Factors in England No civil strife Government favored trade Large, innovative middle class Island geography (trade) Mobile population Everyone lived within 20 miles of navigable river Tradition of experimental science Weak guilds Coal supply ```

Answer 43

Poor working/housing conditions Children supplied labor Rapid urban growth outpaced city infrastructure

Answer 44

Handicraftsmen replaced by machine | Organized to stop industrialization (saboteurs)

Answer 45

``` owners/ landholders- capitalism / gentry (conservatives) Non-landed middle class and white collar workers- Bourgeoisie classical liberal Factory workers- Proletariat ( radical Liberals) ```

Answer 46

Whigs supported limited monarchy | Tories supported strong monarchy

Answer 47

Man has ability to reason, dignity and can lead to progress human reason can create perfect society Rule of Law protects dignity of men

Answer 48

Mankind is fallen and does not improve when left to its own devices, but instead falls prey to instability, selfishness, and chaos A perfect society can never be created here on Earth, thus it is a foolish, and even dangerous, goal The Rule of the strong and wise is needed to lead mankind to a better future and to protect them from themselves

Answer 49

traditionalists (support status quo) | reactionaries want to go back before some event

Answer 50

Favored changes in social and economic policies gov’t seen as vehicle for change focus on political minorities Revolutions of 1848 successful revolutions monarchies returned after 6 months except France

Answer 51

``` Jeremy Bentham/ John Stuart Mill ( on liberty) Greatest happiness for largest pop (purpose Govt mankind seeks pleasure to seek pain science and tech should be used to solve society’s problems advocated activist gov’t “Moral Calculus” intensity duration certainty Propinquity ( how soon) Fecundity (how many more) Purity (how free from pain) extent (how many people) ```

Answer 52

resources and population: crisis powerful countries have large population tech helps resources keep pace

Answer 53

Kicked out of Germany for radical politics and went to england “Communist Manifesto”

Answer 54

History of world is driven by class struggles one class always exploits the others middle class triumphed over upper class in 18th century worker class will triumph over middle class with revolution value of product is amount of labor to produce it fair wage is value of his work in capitalism, must sell product for more than he is paid capitalist increases profit by increasing selling price and or reducing wages lowest possible wage is subsistence level surplus labor is maintained by replacing with machines

Answer 55

1. The value of a product is the amount of labor to produce it. 2. The fair wage for a worker is the value of his work (the value of the product). 3. In capitalism, the owner must sell the product for more than the worker is paid (profit). 4. The capitalist increases profits by increasing selling price or reducing wages. 5. The lowest possible wage is the subsistence level and this is the level paid (because of a surplus of labor) 6. Surplus labor is maintained by replacing workers with machines.

Answer 56

Put the means of production (ownership of the factories, etc.) in the hands of the workers so they won’t be exploited by owners All own all in common All contribute A temporary central government oversees this transition from a capitalist society Eventually a utopian-like brotherhood where all needs are met is established and the government dissolves

Answer 57

Abolition of private property Redistribution of wealth Heavily graduated income tax Abolition of inheritance rights Confiscation of emigrant and rebel property Centralization of power in state hands (temporarily) Credit controlled by the state Communication and transportation are state owned Control of factories Social changes Obligation of all to work Free education for all children and abolition of child labor

Answer 58

ignores imagination ignores tech improvement attacks natural self-interest leads to stagnation ignores human education, experience, talents assumes that capitalism policy will not adjust

Answer 59

Grew tremendously among the proletariat Largest party in Germany (accepted Marxism and the idea of revolution) Growth in Great Britain (did not accept Marxism or revolution) Became the Labor Party and eventually merged with the Liberal Party Grew rapidly in every other European country and in the United States Usually associated with labor unions Raised the feelings of conflict throughout Europe Benefits of socialism adopted by capitalist societies Free Public education/Tempers harshness of capitalism

Answer 60

interest in other countries

Answer 61

desire for captive markets

Answer 62

belief that whites were superior to other races

Answer 63

Gold Glory God

Answer 64

``` Britain vs Brazil Blockage of Brazilian ports and they stopped importing slaves Britain vs Zanzibar Threatened destruction of capital India ```

Answer 65

Ruled by the British East India Company | Brought into the British Empire in 1858

Answer 66

Reluctant trading concessions (Canton/Guangzhou) British imported tea, silk, and porcelein but had little the Chinese wanted Opium from India pushed into China 2 Opium wars (1839 & 1856) Hong Kong ceded to Britain Boxer rebellion (1899)

Answer 67

Ruled during the empire’s peak Prototype of a perfect mother Devout wife “The Better Half”

Answer 68

``` Patchwork of small states War of 1859 started by Austrians to reassert their authority Stopped by the French Price: Savoy (Cannes and Nice) Kingdom of Italy declared (northern only) Giuseppe Garibaldi Red shirt army from Naples Rome conquered by both armies Moment of decision by Garibaldi King recognized Vatican City given to the church ```

Answer 69

``` Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) Died in 1824 Charles X (brother of Louis XVIII) Toppled in revolution of 1830 Louis Philippe (duke of Orleans) Toppled by revolution of 1848 Napoleon III (nephew of Napoleon I) Overthrown after defeat in Franco-Prussian War Third Republic Weak governments until after WWII Still established a colonial empire in Africa, the Americas, and the Pacific ```

Answer 70

United modern Germany under Prussian leadership Invented concept of Real Politik Believed that Germany should focus on Europe and not overseas colonies

Answer 71

Dismissed Bismarck over colonies | Germany gained some colonies in Africa and Pacific

Answer 72

Folk tales Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle

Answer 73

Defining attributes of an American Hero | Last of the Mohicans

Answer 74

song of Hiawatha

Answer 75

invented mystery and horror Dark poetry The Raven

Answer 76

comedy and pathos showed American spirit and frontier Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn

Answer 77

new form of poetry | Leaves of Grass

Answer 78

``` Based on the philosophy of Immanuel Kant Began in America as a movement among Unitarians Nature is a source of joy Knowledge beyond the 5 senses Intuitive truths ```

Answer 79

Defined American Transcendentalism Nature “All I have seen teaches me to trust the Creator for all I have not seen.” Self Reliance

Answer 80

Wanted to live Emerson’s teachings Lived by the pond for about 2 years On Civil Disobedience

Answer 81

Little Women Alcott family part of the Transcendentalist movement Little Women part of a growing awareness of a women and women’s issues and concerns

Answer 82

American poetess Seclusion in Massachusetts 1700 poems, only 7 published during her lifetime Theme: interaction between self and world

Answer 83

``` A major defining concept in America Own land Be your own boss Before 1800 Driving force was personal improvement Acquisition of Louisiana Personal and national ```

Answer 84

Bifocals odometer stove electricity defined

Answer 85

``` Fulton boat reaper telegraph rubber sewing machine oil wells telephone light bulb assembly line by Ford ```

Answer 86

Interchangeable parts

Midterm 2 Ch. 34- 43 Flashcards

(112 cards)