midterm 2 ch 8 Flashcards by maryam alzarooni

Arteries

blood away from heart

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Veins

blood towards the heart

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Capillaries

where most exchange takes place

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Pulmonary circulation

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Systemic circulation

between heart and the rest of the body

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Coronary arteries

supply the heart muscles with blood.

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Cardiac veins

return blood from heart muscles.

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Specific Blood Vessels (Systemic circulation):
___________: with highest blood pressure, so they need thick middle and outer layers. Elastic recoil helps move the blood forward.
__________: are small arteries.
__________: where exchange takes place. Only single layer of endothelium with flattened cells, to facilitate exchange.
__________: are small veins
________: with low blood pressure, and store lots of blood. Generally with thinner walls, but with high lumen diameter for blood storage.

Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

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Blood vessels: arteries
_____________: smooth epithelial cells, reduces friction of flow
___________: smooth muscle can contract and relax for vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Also elastin connective tissue, produces stretching and recoil, which helps move the blood forward. You feel this stretching as your pulse.
____________: Connective tissue (collagen) anchors vessels in place and protects them
____________ have the highest blood pressure, so they have thick middle and outer layers.

Endothelium
Middle layer
Outer layer
Arteries

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Blood vessels: arterioles
Arterioles are basically ___________.
With smooth muscle and ___________ layers.
______________ of arterioles: constricts (vasoconstriction) or widens (vasodilation) to regulate blood flow to capillaries

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contract or relax to regulate blood flow to capillaries

When does your blood circulation change?

small arteries
endothelium
Smooth muscle
Pre-capillary sphincters
?

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Blood Vessels: capillaries
Capillaries are where almost all _________________ between blood vessels and living tissues takes place.
Only _______________: a single layer of squamous (flat) epithelial cells, which makes exchange easier
_________________ allow exchange of nutrients, gases, wastes, hormones, white blood cells between capillaries and tissues

exchange of materials
endothelium
Gaps and pores

Large things stay in capillary: RBC’s, platelets, large proteins like albumin
Supply all cells with material needed to survive, remove waste from all cells

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Some blood plasma squeezed out of ____________ by blood pressure

capillaries

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Proteins (like __________) / _____ blood cells stay in capillary

albumin, red

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Fluid reuptake by __________ pressure (water movement from high => low concentration)

osmotic

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Protein deficiency / starvation: less albumin proteins present => less fluid reuptake => water remains in tissues which results in swelling (_________)

edema

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Not all fluid is taken back up by osmotic pressure. The excess fluid: returned to veins near the heart by the _________ system (one of its functions)

lymphatic

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Blood vessels: venules / veins
With ____________ tissue outer layer, ___________ muscles middle layer and ____________ inner layer.
Carries blood _________ the heart.
Some exchange of materials occurs at __________
Stores ________. 50-60% of all of the blood in your body is in _______. To store this blood, veins tend to have a ______ lumen, (interior space) to increase the volume of blood they can store.
Blood pressure is _____, so veins do not need a thick middle and outer layer like arteries.
________ valves ensure blood flows back to heart

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connective, smooth, endothelium
toward
venules
blood, veins
wide
low
One-way

Blood vessels: venules / veins
Mechanisms in blood return
-__________ (for veins above heart)
-__________ of ________ muscles (movement increases blood flow)
-__________ muscles surrounding veins _______
-__________ valves (works with muscle squeezing)
-__________ changes associated with breathing
Inhaling produces: low pressure _________, high pressure abdomen blood flows from ____________ pressure (towards heart)

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Gravity
Contraction, skeletal
Smooth, contract
One-way
Pressure

thorax, high to low

Blood vessels: venules / veins
Mechanisms in blood return
It is important to exercise on long plane flights: avoid deep vein __________ and ____________________________

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thrombosis, pulmonary embolisms

The heart (structure)
4 Chambers: two ______, two __________
(left ventricle: very _______, to pump to the ___________)
Two ______________ valves, two ___________ valves: (pulmonary and aortic)
(blood flows in one direction only, __________ tissue prevents valve flaps from opening the wrong way)

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atria, ventricles
muscular, whole body
atrioventricular (AV), semilunar
connective

Cardiac cycle
Blood flow follows
________________________.

_________ do not allow
back flow.

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pressure differences
Valves

“lub-DUB” heart sounds:
lub: _________________ valves close
DUB: ___________ valves close

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atrioventricular (AV)
semilunar

Heart Sounds and heart Valves
Lub-DUB: sounds of the heart are due to heart __________ closing
Heart murmurs: ___________ heart sounds (swishing noises) indicating _________ through valves.
__________ heart valves can be used to replace faulty valves

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valves
unusual, backflow
Artificial

Heart muscles contractions
__________ node: cardiac pacemaker is modified cardiac muscle that generates an electrical signal
_____ junctions: carry electrical impulses between cells: many cardiac muscle cells contract at once.
___________________: receives impulse
___________________: carry impulse to lower ventricles first, then upper

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Sinoatrial (SA)
Gap
Atrioventricular node (AV)
AV bundle / Purkinje fibers

Controlling the heart rate -Heart can beat by itself, at about ______ beats / minute -At rest, the _______________ (part of the brain) dampens the _________ node, and your heart beats slower. -_________, _________: (more oxygen needed) heart stimulated to beat faster by medulla oblongata, and heart rate increases. Heart rate can exceed 100 beats / minute due to ________ stimulation by the medulla oblongata.

100 medulla oblongata, sinoatrial Stress, exercise nervous

Maintaining homeostasis of blood pressure Blood pressure: monitored by _____________ (stretch receptors) in ______ and _______ arteries, message goes to ______________. Medulla _________ heart rate and _______ of arterioles: Increased heart rate + vasoconstriction = ________ blood pressure Decreased heart rate + vasodilation = ____________ blood pressure

baroreceptors, aorta, carotid, medulla oblongata controls, width raised decreased

Blood Pressure Definitions: -________ pressure (high) -_______ pressure (low) -Measurement: _______________

Systolic Diastolic sphygmomanometer

Cardiovascular disorders: high blood pressure Hypertension: (> ___________) You should start to become concerned if blood pressure is (> ________) _________ pressure leads to stiff, scarred arteries which leads to _________ to blood flow (heart must work harder). Scarred areas may have ___________ plaques deposited (atherosclerosis).

140 / 90 120 / 80 Higher, resistance cholesterol

Cardiovascular disorders: high blood pressure -The silent killer: many don’t know they have it, as there are no obvious signs (except heart attacks and stroke, and then it’s too late). -It may cause: ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ ___________ damage and failure

Arteriosclerosis Embolism Heart attack Stroke Aneurysm Kidney

Risks: _________ _________ (Africans have a greater risk) _________ (blood pressure increases as you age) _________ (males have a greater risk) _________ _________ Lack of _________ _________ intake _________ _________ (nicotine increases heart rate and hardens arteries) _________ (epinephrine increases heart rate) _________ (if not properly controlled)

Heredity Race Age Sex Arteriosclerosis Obesity exercise Salt Alcohol Smoking Stress Diabetes

Cardiovascular disorders: atherosclerosis A disease characterized by __________ plaque deposits and _________ arteries.

cholesterol, narrowed

Cardiovascular disorders: embolism ___________ of blood vessels Usually caused by blood ________ that have broken off. Can also be formed by _________ fragments, ________ cells, __________ clumps, __________ clumps, __________ (SCUBA) Blood flow past the embolism ________ or is _________. Embolisms in ___________ arteries can cause heart attacks. Embolisms in ___________ that supply the brain can cause strokes.

Blockage clots tissue, cancer, cholesterol, bacterial, air bubbles stops, restricted coronary arteries

Cardiovascular disorders: angina pectoris These are ________ pains and feeling of tightness in the chest, and they are a warning of worse things to come. Atherosclerosis limits blood flow to _______ muscles, leads to pain in chest, shortness of breath, sensation of suffocating. If left untreated, a heart attack may follow days, weeks, months or years later.

chest heart

Cardiovascular disorders: heart attack Results in permanent damage to _________ muscles. Blocked _________ arteries leads to oxygen cut off from _________ muscles, which causes heart tissue death. Intense chest pain, pain or numbness in ___________ (often for men), jaw and upper back pain (often for women) sweating, nausea, feeling of a heavy weight on chest, making it hard to breath. Get medical help as soon as possible. __________ may dissolve a blood clot.

heart coronary, cardiac left arm Aspirin

Cardiovascular disorders: ventricle fibrillation Most heart attack deaths are due to __________ fibrillation, irregular heart beats when the ____________ node loses control of heart rhythm. Disorganized, “quivering” contractions result, leading to sudden __________________. ______________ can hopefully shock the heart back to beating normally CPR can hopefully keep a person alive until professional help arrives. __ compressions, __ breaths.

ventricle, sinoatrial unconsciousness Defibrillation 30, 2

Preventing more heart attacks Treat with ________________ that lower blood pressure and reduce blood ___________ levels __________ once / day helps prevent blood clots __________ surgery: Veins or arteries grafted onto _______ and __________ arteries to “bypass” blocked areas ____________ angioplasty: flattening _________ so blood can flow. _________ angioplasty: vaporizing plaque ________: wire / plastic cylinder inserted to keep _________ artery open

medications, cholesterol Aspirin Bypass, aorta, coronary Balloon, plaque Laser Stent coronary

Cardiovascular disorders: stroke Stroke: Lack of blood flow to parts of the __________ Due to: blocked blood flow to some areas (________), or blood vessel rupture (_______) in brain _________ blood pressure / atherosclerosis = worse risk _________ tissue dies permanently Effects of stroke depend upon area of brain that dies: death, trouble speaking, numbness / paralysation of certain areas of the body, comprehending speech, loss of coordination. Recovery involves “____________” nerves to take over function from damaged areas

brain embolism, aneurysm High Brain retraining

Cardiovascular disorders: aneurysm Weakening of ________ and ballooning outward lead to arteries bursting. Can lead to death due to massive _________ bleeding Often caused by a combination of ___________ and ______ blood pressure, ________ of arteries can be caused by genetic factors and injuries too.

arteries internal atherosclerosis, high weakening

Reducing risk of cardiovascular disease Smoking: ____________________ Alcohol: ___________ _________ and maintain a healthy weight (regular exercise) Reduce __________ levels (exercise, back rubs, meditate, bubble baths, yoga, etc.) Cut back on ________, it may cause high blood pressure Diet should be low in _____________ / cholesterol. Diet should be low in _____. _____ causes liver to make more cholesterol Eat _______________ (apples, bananas, carrots, barley, oats) they block cholesterol uptake. ___________ removes cholesterol from blood. Control of __________: early diagnosis and treatment is important Monitor ____________, treat high blood pressure

Don’t!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! also don’t Exercise stress salt saturated fat sugar, Sugar soluble fiber Fish oil diabetes blood pressure

Benefits of exercise to your heart Reduced ______________ Lower ___________ levels Less ____________ in blood Greater number of ___________ cells Greater ______________ (more blood vessels) supplying the heart itself Stronger heart leads to __________________ (heart does not work as hard over time)

blood pressure stress cholesterol red blood blood circulation reduced heart rate

midterm 2 ch 8 Flashcards

(40 cards)