Midterm 2 Key terms

Question 1

What is allopatric speciation

Answer 1

species that are spilt due to a geographical barrier or movement

Question 2

What is sympatic speciation?

Answer 2

species that are spilt by reproductive separation even though they are in the same place (separated by time or reproductive cycles/mating seasons)

Question 3

What is endemism?

Answer 3

Refers to species evolving in a certain region and staying in that region

Question 4

What is range expansion?

Answer 4

The evolution of a species elsewhere (nearby) and then expanded its range to also include another area

Question 5

What is range shift?

Answer 5

the evolution of a species that evolved elsewhere but its range shifted to not include the former distribution, only the current distribution

Question 6

What is long-range dispersal?

Answer 6

Non-native/invasive, it arrived from somewhere else not nearby

Question 7

What is Vicariance?

Answer 7

the evolution of a species somewhere under certain environmental conditions, but then the physical landscape itself moved, thus exposing those species to different environmental conditions or geographical barrier

Question 8

What is niche partitioning?

Answer 8

the prevention of niche overlap, every species has some difference in the resource they use, how they impact the environment, etc.

Question 9

True or False: 2 species with the same niche often coexist?

Answer 9

False; 2 species with the same niche can never coexist

Question 10

What is species richness?

Answer 10

the number of species within a habitat

Question 11

What is species diversity?

Answer 11

A combination of species richness and species eveness

Question 12

What is species evenness?

Answer 12

relative abundance of each species in each area

Question 13

What is the main difference between species richness/evenness and beta/gamma species diversity?

Answer 13

Species richness/evenness is measured within a habitat, beta/gamma species diversity is measured across a habitat or multiple habitats

Question 14

On a local scale, how do we know when enough plots have been sampled?

Answer 14

When the graph reaches a plateau/ when sampling is intensely saturated

Question 15

What does the shannon diversity index indicate?

Answer 15

associated with species evenness, it represents how abundant each species is relative to the abundance of the other species in a given habitat

Question 16

What is beta diversity?

Answer 16

measure of how different the diversity is between two habitats

Question 17

What is gamma diversity?

Answer 17

the total number of species across all habitats being studied

Question 18

What is alpha diversity?

Answer 18

the total number of species within a habitat

Question 19

What is the fundamental niche?

Answer 19

all the possible dimensions in which a species can survive in principle

Question 20

What is the realized niche?

Answer 20

the dimensions in which a species actually survives after the affects of biotic interactions

Question 21

What is competitor exclusion?

Answer 21

when one competitor disappears or move out of the area

Question 22

What is character displacement?

Answer 22

both species continue to co-exist, but they diverge to occupy slightly different niches within the shared habitat, this could be from

Question 23

What is meant by co-existence at reduced carrying capacity?

Answer 23

both species continue to live in the area, but at lower numbers

Question 24

What are the three spatial patterns of distribution?

Answer 24

clumped, even and random

Question 25

True or False: Biotic interactions are only important in terms of defining biomes at large scales

Answer 25

True

Question 26

What is the equation for population abundance?

Answer 26

Pt2 = Pt1 + (B-D) + (I-E)

Question 27

What are density dependant factors?

Answer 27

they affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that depends on the population density

Question 28

What are density independant factors?

Answer 28

they affect per capita birth or death rates in a way that DO NOT depend` on the population density

Question 29

What are the possible reasons for why a species may live where they live?

Answer 29

endemism, vicariance, long-range/invasive, range shift, and range expansion

Question 30

Can a density-dependent or density-independent treatment eradicate a population?

Answer 30

density-independent

Question 31

Does density-dependent or density-independent treatment result in a lower carrying capacity?

Answer 31

density-dependent

Question 32

What are two reasons why a species may occupy two different areas?

Answer 32

Vicariance and dispersal

Question 33

How are biodiversity and latitude related?

Answer 33

inversely related

Question 34

How are population size and latitude related?

Answer 34

proportionally related

Question 35

True or Flase: when the number of all individuals within a habitat is doubled, the shannon diversity indices is also doubled

Answer 35

False; the shannon diversity index remains the same

Question 36

What does a shannon diversity index greater than one mean?

Answer 36

the habitat is very even

Question 37

What are some examples of density dependent factors?

Answer 37

disease, competition, parasites

Question 38

What are some examples of density-independent factors?

Answer 38

temperature, flooding/storms, human activity

Question 39

What is population ecology?

Answer 39

concerned with factors such as population size, density, growth and patterns of dispersion

Question 40

What is community ecology?

Answer 40

the study of the structure and dynamics of animal and plant communities

Question 41

What is commensalism species interactions?

Answer 41

when species 1 is benefited but species 2 is neither benefitted nor harmed

Question 42

What is amensalism species interactions?

Answer 42

species 1 has a negative effects in species 2 but species 1 is neither benefited nor harmed

Question 43

What is a functional trait?

Answer 43

how a species functions within a community or ecosystem

Question 44

What are ecosystem engineers?

Answer 44

organisms that control the availability of resources to other species

Question 45

What is the intermediate disturbance hypothesis?

Answer 45

predicts that the highest level of species richness will occur at an intermediate level of intensity or frequency of natural disturbance