Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oceans > midterm 2 part 2 > Flashcards

midterm 2 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Waters general characteristics that enable to store great quantities of heat

A
  • It’s high heat capacity
    • Transparent to light
    • Mixes vertically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attenuated

A

Light that is lost by a combination of absorption and scattering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Absorption

A

Water molecules absorb some light energy
Most light energy is absorbed by various particles in the water and dissolved materials
Lakes have a lot of dissolved materials making them a yellow brown colour, therefore, less light penetrates to the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Scattered

A

Reflects off of particles, including air bubbles and dissolved materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Beer’s Law:

A

The rate of light attenuation is constant

* Every meter a certain percentage is lost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Extinction coefficient:

A

Constant rate light is lost, ranges from 0 to 1.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Diffuse attenuation coefficient:

A

Represented by k, function of the degree to which the water is clouded with dirt and other foreign materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diffuse attenuation coefficient: High k means

A
  • Lots of dissolved materials
    * Often the case for coastal waters
    * The faster light disappears with depth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum:

A

ranges of wavelength from cosmic rays to radio waves, includes viable light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Visible light: 400-700nm

A

Red 700nm, Purple 400nm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Selective attenuation:

A

Longer wavelengths (red, 700nm) as the penetrate into the ocean

    * Are absorbed before they penetrate very deep 
    * Why the sea is blue to blue-green colour as shorter wavelets are less attenuation the least
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Air Composition:

A
  • Nitogene 78%
  • Oxygene 21%
  • Other trace gases 1%
  • Water vapour: Up to 4%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

warmer air is ___ dense than cold hair

A

less, therefore it rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Dew point:

A

air has become saturated with water vapour and can not hold any more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

warm air can hold ___ water vapour

A

more, therefore becomes less dense, and rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

humid air is ____ dense

A

less dense

17
Q

High pressure allows the air to hold ___ water vapour

A

more

18
Q

Hot, humid, pressured air is

A

not dense at all

19
Q

Coriolis effect

A
  • Moving objects in the Northern hemisphere experience a deflection to the right of their line of direction
  • Moving objects in the Southern hemisphere experience a deflection to the left of their line of direction
  • Does not occur on the Equator
  • Northern Hemisphere: Water spins clockwise
  • Southern Hemisphere: Water spins counterclockwise
20
Q

Northern hemisphere water spins _____

A

clockwise

21
Q

How much the object curves depends three factors

A
  • How fast the object is moving
    * Faster than the speed of earth are. Unnoticeable
    • How far the object travels
      • Motions over short distances are unnoticeable
    • The latitude at which the motion happens
      Highest effect at the poles
22
Q
  • Magnitude of the Coriolis effect increases with ____
A

Latitude

  • No effect at equator
    * Highest effect at poles
23
Q

Coriolis effect Trajectory we see depends on frame of reference. Space vs earth

A
  • From space spear to move in a straight line (Real)

* From earth appears to move in an arc (Apparent)

24
Q

Average atmospheric conditions are referred to as ________

A

“Ocean climate”. AC

25
Q

_____ atmospheric conditions are referred to as “Ocean weather”.

A

Daily DW

26
Q

The 3-cell model

A

Predicts climatic bands that change with latitude

* Polar Cell: 60-90
* Ferrel Cell: 30-60
* Hadley Cell: 0-30
27
Q
  • Three types of Surface winds

* Surface winds:

A

Move from areas of high pressure too low pressure
Polar Easterlies: Come from the east 60-90
Prevailing Westerlies: Come from the west30-60
Northeast/Southeast Trades: Come from the east 0-30

28
Q
  • Horse Latitudes:
A

Area where cold dry air sinks causing high pressure

* Occurs at 30 degrees North and South
* Air is vert low in humidity, meaning these are areas of low cloudiness or precipitation
* Worlds major deserts
29
Q

Doldrums:

A
  • Southeast trades and northeast trades meet at the equator
    • Begin to rise vertically
    • Water expands causing water vapour to condense and release rain
    • Responsible for persistent bands of clouds around equator
30
Q
  • Low pressure:
A
  • Air rushes in
    * Deflected to the right
    * Produces a Counterclockwise rotation
    Northern hemisphere
31
Q

High pressure air rushes ___, and is deflected to the ___ producing a _____ in the Northern hemisphere

A

out, right, clockwise

32
Q

____-_____ Hurricane Scale

A

Staffir-Simpson

    * Category go from 1-5, Five being the worst damage 
    * Winds
    * Damage
    * Strom Surge
33
Q
  • What happens after they are formed?
A
  • To maintain or increase intensity, hurricanes require heat and moisture supplied from below
    • Hurricanes eventually “run out of gas” in mid-latitudes.
    • Hurricanes lose their supply of moist air over land.
    • Hurricanes lose their supply of warm (> 26⁰C) air over colder, mid-latitude waters.
    • Hurricanes are sheared apart by the jet stream
34
Q
  • Typhoons:
A

Western Northern Pacific

35
Q

Tropical cyclones:

A

Indian Ocean and Southern Hemisphere

36
Q
  • Where are hurricanes formed?
A
  • Not formed on the equator because no Coriolis effect
    • Not formed South of the equator because waters are not hot enough
    • Warmest waters in the Atlantic Ocean just north of the equator
37
Q
  • Conditions for Hurricane to form
A
  • Surface waters must be above temperatures of 26 degrees
    • Must extend from the surface to a depth of about 80m
    • Must be a localized area of low-pressure
    • Preexisting winds over the area of the storm formation must come from the same direction at similar speeds at all altitudes
38
Q
  • How are hurricanes formed?
A
  • Air is heated and rises creating a low pressure
    • More air enter to fill the low pressure, it too is heated and rises
    • As air rises it take moisture along with it
    • The air decompress and cools therefore releases the moisture as precipitation
    • Precipitation releases latent heat of condensation to atmosphere.
    • Storm grows large enough for rotation to occur.
    • Cooled air descends in the centre of the storm called the eye.
    • Cooled air descends on the margins

Oceans (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions